Nomenclature

Front 1

Alkanes

Back 1

Simplest organic molecules. Consist of only C and H atoms held together by single bonds.

Front 2

Four simplest straight chain alkanes

Back 2

methane CH4

ethane CH3CH3

propane CH3CH2CH3

butane CH3CH2CH2CH3

Front 3

Naming longer straight chain alkanes

Back 3

Named with greek prefixes for the number of carbon, and end with the suffix, -ane. Ex: pentane, C5H12. Pent=5, hex=6, hept=7, oct=8, non=9, dec=10, undec=11, dodec=12.

Front 4

How are branched-chain alkanes named?

Back 4

IUPAC Naming System:

1. Find the longest chain in the compound (carbon backbone), if there are more than 1, use the most highly substituted chain.

2. Number the chain so substituents are low numbers.

3. name substituents

4. Assign number to substituents

5. List substituents in alphabetical order

Front 5

substituents in alkanes

Back 5

carbon groups that are not part of the carbon backbone

Front 6

Back 6

tert-butyl (minus the H on the right side)

Front 7

Back 7

neopentyl

Front 8

Back 8

isopropyl

Front 9

Back 9

sec-butyl

Front 10

Back 10

isobutyl

Front 11

Rules for completing the name

Back 11

1. substituents in alphabetical order w/ numbers

2. prefixes like di-, tri-, or hyphenated prefixes are ignored in alphabetizing

3. prefixes like cyclo-, iso-, and neo-, are considered in alphabetizing

4. commas go between numbers, and hyphens go between numbers and words

Front 12

Cycloalkanes

Back 12

alkanes that form rings, named according to number of carbons and have the prefix, cyclo-.

Front 13

dimethyl group

Back 13

looks like a wide V branching off of carbon backbone

Front 14

naming cycloalkanes

Back 14

same rules are alkanes, carbons are numbered around the ring starting with the point of greatest substitution

Front 15

Alkenes

Back 15

AKA olefins; contain C-C double bonds. USe the same naming mechanism but ethylene and propylene are used more often ethene and propene.

Front 16

How is the backbone numbered in alkenes or cycloalkenes?

Back 16

Numbered so the double bond is assigned the lowest number possible. If a ring only contains 1 double bond and no substituents, numbers are not necessary.

Front 17

Vinyl-

Back 17

monosubsituted ehtylenes (ethenyl)

Front 18

allyl

Back 18

propylenes substituted at the C-3 position (2-propenyl-)

Front 19

methylene

Back 19

CH2 group on an alkene

Front 20

alkunes

Back 20

compounds that possess carbon-carbon triple bonds

Front 21

acetylene

Back 21

common name for ethyne

Front 22

haloalkanes

Back 22

alkanes that contain a halogen substituent, names include the halogen, halogen should be at lowest possible carbon number

Front 23

alkyl halide

Back 23

different way of naming haloalkanes

ex: 2-bromo-2-mehtylpropane is called t-butyl bromide

Front 24

Naming alcohols

Back 24

-ol replaces the -e of the alkane, and the chain is numbered so the -OH group is assigned the lowest possible number, number priority is always given to the carbon attached to the -OH group. Alternatively, the word alcohol canbe combined with the name of the alkyl group

Front 25

diols

Back 25

AKA glycols; have 2 functional groups

Front 26

vicinal diols

Back 26

diols with OH groups on adjacent carbons

Front 27

geminal diols

Back 27

hydroxyl groups on the same carbon

AKA carbonyl hydrates - they are not commonly found because they spontaneously dehydrate

Front 28

Naming ethers

Back 28

Named as derivatives of alkanes, larger alkane group is the backbone. Alkoxy- prfix indicates presences of ether (oxy-) and alkyl group. Numbered to give ether the lowest position.

Front 29

cyclic ethers

Back 29

Numbering of the ring begins at the oxygen and follows same rules as others

Front 30

oxiranes

Back 30

three-membered cyclic-ether ring

Front 31

Simplest oxiranes

Back 31

epoxides

Front 32

Naming aldehydes

Back 32

named according to the longest chain that contains the aldehyde functional group; -al replaces -e form the alkane; aldehyde group is terminal and recieves the number 1

Front 33

IUPAC name for formaldehyde

Back 33

methanal

Front 34

IUPAC name for acetaldehyde

Back 34

ethanal

Front 35

IUPAC name for propionaldehyde

Back 35

propanal

Front 36

Naming ketones

Back 36

Same as aldehydes, but with -one suffix, carbonyl group assigned lowest number; in complex molecules, the carbonyl group can be named with the prefix oxo-, or the individual alkyl groups can be listed alphabetically followed by the work ketone.

Front 37

Carboxylic acids

Back 37

-oic acid replaces the -e. Carboxylic acids are terminal functional groups and are always numbered 1.

Front 38

Amines

Back 38

longest chain attached to the nitrogen is the backbone, -amine replaces -e, or the prefix amino- can be used for complex molecules

Front 39

Back 39

carboxylic acid

Front 40

Back 40

ester

Front 41

Back 41

acyl halide

Front 42

Back 42

Amide

Front 43

Back 43

nitrile

Front 44

Back 44

aldehyde

Front 45

Back 45

ketone