Nico 9Th Grade Qtr. 3 Science Final

Front 1

1. Eon

Back 1

Longest unit of time that is measured in billions of years

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2. Era

Back 2

Next longest unit of time measured in millions to billions of years

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3. Period

Back 3

Unit of time defined by fossils found within specific rock layers

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4. Epoch

Back 4

Smallest division of time usually several million years

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5. Fossil

Back 5

Preserved remains or traces of living organisms

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6. Relative Dating

Back 6

uses geological principles to place events in chronological order

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7. Principle of Superposition

Back 7

Older beds lie under younger beds in any undisturbed geological sequence

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8. Principle of Horizontality

Back 8

Rock beds were originally deposited horizontally

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9. Principle of Crosscutting

Back 9

An intrusion is younger than the rock it cuts across

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10. Principle of Uniformitarianism

Back 10

The present is the key to the past

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11. Absolute Dating

Back 11

The actual age of a geological object

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12. Radiometric Dating

Back 12

Process by which scientists determine the ratio of parent to daughter nuclei within

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13. Daughter Element

Back 13

The new element formed after nuclear emission/decay

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14. Half-life

Back 14

The amount of decay over a period of time of a radioactive substance

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15. Radioactive Decay

Back 15

An unstable element breaking down to a stable element
example: uranium to lead

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16. Vernal equinox

Back 16

All areas on Earth receive equal light

Front 17

17. Summer solstice (northern hemi)

Back 17

Sun’s direct rays hit the Tropic of Cancer

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18. Autumnal equinox

Back 18

All areas on Earth receive equal light

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19. Winter solstice (northern hemi)

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Sun’s direct rays hit the Tropic of Capricorn

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20. Energy

Back 20

The ability to do work or transfer heat

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21. Work

Back 21

Work is done on an object when the object is forced to move. Work equals force times distance

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22. Potential Energy

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Stored energy or energy at rest, Type of energy

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23. Kinetic Energy

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Energy in motion, Type of energy

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24. Heat

Back 24

The total energy of the particles in an object

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25. Radiant

Back 25

The energy associated with waves of light

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26. Mechanical

Back 26

The energy associated with the motion or position of an object

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27. Chemical

Back 27

The potential energy stored in chemical bonds that hold chemical compounds together

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28. Electrical

Back 28

The energy associated with moving electric charges

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29. Nuclear

Back 29

The potential energy associated with the nucleus of an atom

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30. First Law of Thermodynamics

Back 30

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it can only change form

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31. Second Law of Thermodynamics

Back 31

When energy is changed from one form to another, some energy is always lost as heat. 100% of energy cannot be converted into useful work

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32. Entropy

Back 32

law of disorder

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33. Power

Back 33

Work performed in a certain period of time

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34. Turbine

Back 34

A device that uses mechanical energy to turn a generator

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35. Generator

Back 35

Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy (parts: magnet and coil of wire)

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36. Photovoltaic Cell

Back 36

converts sunlight (solar) energy into electrical energy without a generator

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37. Renewable

Back 37

Resources that can be replenished rapidly (hours to decades)

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38. Nonrenewable

Back 38

Resources that would take millions to billions of years to replenish

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39. Static electricity

Back 39

build up of electrons on the surface of an object

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40. Current electricity

Back 40

flow of electrons

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41. Volt

Back 41

a which measures the force to push electrons through a circuit

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42. Ampere

Back 42

measures the amount of electrons that flow through the wire in one second

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43. Watt

Back 43

measure of the electric power used by an appliance

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44. Kilowatt

Back 44

1000 watts

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45. Kilowatt Hour

Back 45

equals the number of kilowatts in one hour; the measurement used by electric companies for homes and businesses

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46. Megawatt

Back 46

one million watts

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47. Gigawatt

Back 47

one billion watts

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48. Quad

Back 48

equals quadrillion BTU

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49. BTU

Back 49

British Thermal Unit (amount of heat that will raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit)

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50. Conductor

Back 50

allows electrons to flow through it

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51. Insulator

Back 51

does not allow electrons to flow through it

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52. Global Warming

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Increase in the Earth’s average temperature

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53. Global Climate Change

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Change in average weather conditions in a region over a long period of time

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54. Greenhouse gases

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Gases that absorb sun’s energy and emit energy in our atmosphere (examples: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and water vapor)

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55. System

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A set of parts that interact/work with each other

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56. Lithosphere

Back 56

The Earth’s solid surface to include continental and oceanic crust and the upper mantle (Earth’s interior)

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57. Hydrosphere

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Includes all of the water (solid, gas & liquid) on the Earth

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58. Atmosphere

Back 58

The gaseous layer that surrounds the Earth, protects us from UV

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59. Biosphere

Back 59

All life on Earth to include plants, animals and man

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60. Anthrosphere

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Human construction (everything we build)

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61. Magnetosphere

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The magnetic field of the Earth which protects us from most of the solar wind particles

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62. Global Dimming

Back 62

Less sunlight reaching the Earth due to particulate air pollution