Nfs 311

Front 1

How many double bonds does Oleic acid have?

Back 1

1

Front 2

How many double bonds does Linoleic acid have?

Back 2

2

Front 3

How many double bonds does Linolenic acid have?

Back 3

3

Front 4

How many double bonds does Arachidonic acid have?

Back 4

4

Front 5

Saturated means __ double bonds

Back 5

0

Front 6

Unsaturated means ___ double bonds

Back 6

One or more

Front 7

Saturated fatty acids end in...

Back 7

-anoic

Front 8

Unsaturated fatty acids end in...

Back 8

-enoic

Front 9

Four classes of unsaturated fatty acids:

Back 9

1. n-7
2. n-9
3. n-6
4. n-3

Front 10

What is the parent fatty acid for n-7?

Back 10

Palmitoleic acid

Front 11

What is the parent fatty acid for n-9?

Back 11

Oleic acid

Front 12

What is the parent fatty acid for n-6?

Back 12

Linoleic acid

Front 13

What is the parent fatty acid for n-3?

Back 13

Linolenic acid

Front 14

Naturally occurring UNSATURATED fatty acids in mammals are ___ configuration.

Back 14

CIS

Front 15

Animal fats:
____% saturated fatty acids
____% MUFAs

Back 15

40-60%
30-50%

Front 16

Plant oils:
____% saturated fatty acids
____% unsaturated fatty acids

Back 16

10-20%
80-90%

Front 17

Eicosanoids are bioactive compounds that _____ cellular function and are derived from ___-C PUFAs.

Back 17

Modulate; 20

Front 18

What are the 8 main classes of eicosanoids?

Back 18

1. PG
2. TX
3. HPETE
4. HETE
5. EET
6. diHETE
7. LT
8. Lipoxins

Front 19

PGs are synthesized from the ____ and ____ families.

Back 19

Linoleic (n-6) and Linolenic (n-3)

Front 20

Important enzyme involved with PGs...

Back 20

Cyclooxygenase

Front 21

What 3 eicosanoids are "hormone like"?

Back 21

PG, TX, and LT.

Front 22

Important enzyme involved with LTs...

Back 22

Lipoxygenase

Front 23

What are the two PGs that are formed from arachidonic?

Back 23

PGl2 and TXA2

Front 24

PGl2, aka ____, is synthesized by ____ cells.

Back 24

Prostacylin, endothelial

Front 25

TXA2, aka ___, is synthesized by ____.

Back 25

Thromboxane, platelets

Front 26

Thromboxanes are often considered PG ____ because of their similar structures.

Back 26

Analogues

Front 27

The essentiality of linoleic and linolenic acids is due to the fact that ______ lack _____.

Back 27

Vertebrates lack enzymes.

Front 28

What are the 2 enzymes that vertebrates lack?

Back 28

Delta 12 and delta 15 desaturases

Front 29

How does aspirin help in terms of a fever/pain caused by PGs and TXs?

Back 29

Aspirin decreases the synthesis of both PG and TX by inhibiting the action of cyclooxygenase (enzyme).

Front 30

LTs (leukotrienes) cause harm in the body in terms of...

Back 30

Respiratory issues (asthma, allergic reactions, inflammation...). They are 1000X MORE potent than histamine!

Front 31

Lipoxins appear to be specific _____ ______.

Back 31

Intracellular regulators.

Front 32

Arachidonic is in the ___ FA class.

Back 32

n-6

Front 33

Which FA is considered omega-3?

Back 33

Linolenic

Front 34

Acylglycerols are the principle ____ fats in humans.

Back 34

Storage

Front 35

Acylglycerols (glycerides) are ___ of FAs bound to ____.

Back 35

Esters, glyercol

Front 36

Phosphoglycerides are ____ ____ of diglycerides.

Back 36

Phosphate esters

Front 37

Phosphoglycerides form ____ when dispersed in an aqueous solution, thus making them the main _____ component of cell membranes.

Back 37

Bilayers, structural

Front 38

All sphingolipids contain ____ and ___, but none contain ____.

Back 38

Sphingosine; FA; glyercol

Front 39

The hydrolysis of sphingomyelins yields 4 components:

Back 39

1. FA
2. Spingosine
3. Choline (think of brain)
4. Phosphoric acid

Front 40

Glycosphingolipids (glycolipids) contain ____, a combo of sphingosine and FA (plus galactose).

Back 40

Ceramine

Front 41

Sterols contain an OH group at C-__ and an aliphatic chain of at least __C attached to C-___.

Back 41

3; 8; 17

Front 42

Steroids include (3):

Back 42

1. Steroid hormones
2. Bile acids
3. Sterols

Front 43

Instead of cholesterol, plants have ____.

Back 43

Phytosterols

Front 44

Phytosterols have same structure of cholesterol, but instead have __C attached to C-17 and an ___ group attached to C-___.

Back 44

10; ethyl; 24

Front 45

The primary bile acids (2):

Back 45

Cholic acid & chenodeoxycholic acid

Front 46

The secondary bile acids (2):

Back 46

Deoxycholic acid & lithocholic acid

Front 47

What are the primary and secondary acid pairs?

Back 47

1. Cholic acid and deoxycholic acid
2. Chendeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid

Front 48

How do you get from primary to secondary bile acids (2)?

Back 48

Intestinal bacteria can convert primary to secondary bile acids via:
1. Deconjugation
2. 7a-dehydroxylation

Front 49

Conjugated bile acids or bile salts are ___ derivatives of nonpolar cholesterol, making them ____.

Back 49

Polar; amphipathic

Front 50

The 3D structure and biological properties of proteins are determined by (3):

Back 50

1. Kinds of amino acids present
2. The order in which they are linked together in a polypeptide chain
3. The relationship of one amino acid to another

Front 51

What are the 8 essential amino acids?

Back 51

1. Tryptophan
2. Valine
3. Threonine
4. Leucine
5. Isoleucine
6. Phenylalanine
7. Methionine
8. Histidine

Front 52

What is a zwitterion?

Back 52

Has a net charge of 0 (making it electrically neutral) but carries a + and - charge on different atoms.

Front 53

Why do amino acids have 2 pKa's?

Back 53

Because of their dissociable COOH and NH3+ groups (could act either as a base or an acid).

Front 54

What is the only amino acid that doesn't exhibit stereoisomerism?

Back 54

Glycine!

Front 55

What does proteolysis (peptide-bond hydrolysis) require?

Back 55

Either:
1. Proteolytic enzymes
or
2. Heating at 110C for 24 hrs in the presence of 6M HCl or NaOH

Front 56

Even though there are about ___ amino acids in nature, only ___ occur in proteins.

Back 56

300; 20

Front 57

What are the 5 categories of amino acids?

Back 57

1. Aromatic R-groups
2. Positively charged
3. Negatively charged
4. Polar, uncharged
5. Nonpolar, aliphatic R-groups

Front 58

What are the 2 aromatic R groups?

Back 58

1. Phenylalanine
2. Tryptophan

Front 59

What is the positively charged R groups?

Back 59

1. Histidine

Front 60

What are the 2 polar, uncharged R groups?

Back 60

1. Threonine
2. Methionine

Front 61

What are the 3 nonpolar, aliphatic R groups?

Back 61

1. Valine
2. Leucine
3. Isoleucine

Front 62

What two properties contribute to the 3D structure on individual polypeptides?

Back 62

Solubility and ionization

Front 63

What determines the structure of a protein?

Back 63

Interactions between a polypeptide and its aqueous environment.

Front 64

Which structure refers to the # and sequence of amino acids?

Back 64

Primary

Front 65

Which structure has the a-helix?

Back 65

Secondary

Front 66

Which structure refers to the coiling/folding to produce fibrous or globular shapes?

Back 66

Tertiary

Front 67

A fibrous shape is ____ and water-____.

Back 67

Elongated; INsoluble

Front 68

Globular shapes are ____ and water-____.

Back 68

Spherical; soluble

Front 69

What are the 8 biological functions of proteins?

Back 69

1. Enzymatic activity
2. Transport
3. Storage
4. Structure
5. Contraction
6. Protection
7. Hormonal activity
8. Toxins

Front 70

What do bile salts do to dietary lipids?

Back 70

Solubilize