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147 Cards in this Set
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Scope of NFPA 921
Page 7 |
Document is designed to assist with investigating and analyzing fire and explosion incidents and rendering opinions as to origin and cause, responsibility or prevention of such incidents
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Purpose of NFPA 921
Page 7 |
Document is to establish guidelines and recommendations for the safe and systematic investigation or analysis of fire and explosion incidents.
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Application of NFPA 921
Page 7 |
Document is designed to produce a systematic working framework or outline by which effective fire and explosion investigation and origin and cause analysis can be accomplished.
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Definitions
Page 11 Standard |
A document the main text of which contains only mandatory provisions using the word "shall" to indicate requirements and which is in a form generally suitable for mandatory reference by another standard or code or for adoption into law
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Definitions
Page 11 Absolute Temperature |
A temperature measured in Kelvins (K) and Rankines (R)
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Definitions
Page 11 Accelerant |
A fuel or oxidizer, ofent an ignitible liquid used to initiate a fie or increase the rate of growth or spread of fire.
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Definitions
Page 11 Accident |
An unplanned event that interrupts an activity and sometimes causes injury or damage or a chance occurrence arising from unknown causes and unexpected happening due to carelessness, ignorance and the like.
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Definitions
Page 11 Ambient |
Someone's or somethings surroundings especially as they pertain to the local environment, for example ambient air and ambient temperture
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Definitions
Page 11 Ampacity |
The current in amperes, that a condutor can carry continously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating
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Definitions
Page 11 Ampere |
The unit of electric current that is equivalent to a flow of one coulomb per second one coulomb is defined as 6.25 x 10 18 electrons
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Definitions
Page 11 Arc |
A high temperature luminous electric discharge across a gap or through a medium such as charred insulation
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Definitions
Page 11 Arrow Pattern |
A fire pattern displayed on the crosssection of a burned wooden structural member
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Definitions
Page 11 Arson |
The crime of maliciously and intentionally or recklessly starting a fire or causing an explosion
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Definitions
Page 11 Auto ignition |
Initiation of combustion by heat but without a spark or flame
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Definitions
Page 11 Auto ingnition temperature |
The lowest temperature at which a combustible material ignites in air without a spark or flame
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Definitions
Page 11 Backdraft |
A deflagration resulting from the sudden introduction of air into a confined space containing oxygendeficient products of incomplete combustion
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A deflagration (is a technical term describing subsonic combustion that usually propagates through thermal conductivity (hot burning material heats the next layer of cold material and ignites it). Most "fire" found in daily life, from flames to explosions, is technically deflagration) Deflagration is different from detonation which is supersonic and propagates through shock compression
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Definitions
Page 11 Bead |
A rounded globule of re-solidified metal at the end of the remains of an electrical conductor that was caused by arcing and is characterized by a sharp line of demarcation between the melted and unmelted conductor surfaces
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Definitions
Page 11 Blast Pressure Front |
The expanding leading edge of an explosion reaction that separates a major difference in pressure between ambient and high pressure
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Definitions
Page 11 BLEVE |
Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
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Definitions
Page 11 Bonding |
The permanent joining of metallic parts to form an electrically conductive path that ensures electrical
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Definitions
Page 11 BTU |
British Thermal Unit
the quanity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water 1degree at the pressure of 1 atmosphere and temperature of 60 degrees F a BTU is equal to 1055 joules, 1,055 kilojoules, and 252.15 calories. |
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Definitions
Page 11 Burning Rate |
Heat Release Rate HRR
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Definitions
Page 11 Calorie |
The amount of heat necessary to raise 1 gram of water 1C at 15 C, equivalent to 4.184 joules
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Definitions
Page 11 Cause |
The circumstances conditions or agencies that brought about or resulted in the fire or explosion incident damage to property resulting from the fire or explosion incident, or bodily injury or loss of life resulting from the fire or explosion incident
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Definitions
Page 11 Ceiling Jet |
A relatively thin layer of flowing hot gasses that develops under a horizontal surface as a result of plume impingement and the flowing gas being forced to move horizontally
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Definitions
Page 11 Ceiling Layer |
A buoyant layer of hot gasses and smoke produced by a fire in a compartment
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Definitions
Page 12 Char |
Carbonaceous material that has been burned or pyrolyzed and has a blackened appearance
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Definitions
Page 12 Char Blisters |
Convex segments of carbonized material separated by cracks or crevasses that form on the surface of char
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Definitions
Page 12 Clean Burn |
A fire pattern on surfaces where soot has been burned away
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Combustible
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Capable of undergoing combustion
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Combustible
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Capable of undergoing combustion
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Combustible Gas Indicator
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Any liquid that has a colsed cup flash point at or above 37.8 C (100F)
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Combustion
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A chemical process of Oxidation that occurs at a rate fast enough to produce heat and usually light in the form of either a glow or flame
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Combustion Products
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The heat gases volatilized liquids and solids, particulate matter and ash generated by combustion.
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Competent Ignition Source
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An ignition source that has sufficient energy and is capable of transferring that energy to the fuel long enough to raise the fuel to its ignition temperature
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Conduction
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Heat transfer to another body or within a body by direct contact
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Convection
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Heat transfer by circulation within a medium such as a gas or a liquid
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Creep
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The tendency of a material to move or deform permanently to relieve stresses
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Current
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A flow of electric charge
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Deduction Reasoning
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The process by which conclusions are drawn by logical inference from given premises
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Deflagration
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Propagation of a combustion zone at a velocity that is less than the speed of sound in the unreacted medium
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Density
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The weight of a substance per unit volume usually specified at standard temperature and pressure The density of water is approx 1 gram per cubic centimeter The density of air is approx 1.275 grams per cubic meter
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Detection
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Sensing the existence of a fire especially by a detector from one or more products of the fire such as smoke heat infrared radiation and the like The act or process of discovering and locating a fire
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Detonation
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Propagation of a combustion zone at a velocity that is greater then the speed of sound in the unreacted medium
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Diffuse Fuel
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A gas vapor dust particulate aerosol mist fog or hybrid mixture of these suspended in the atmosphere which is capable of being ignited and propagating a flame front
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Diffusion Flame
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A flame in which fuel and air mix or diffuse together at the region of combustion
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Drop Down
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The spread of fire by the dropping or falling of burning materials
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Efffective Fire Temperatures
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Temperatures reached in fires that produce physical effects that can be related to specific temperatures ranges
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Electric Spark
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A small incandescent particle created by some arcs
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Entrainment
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The process of air or gases being drawn into a fire plume or jet
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Explosion
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The sudden conversion of potential energy chemical or mechanical into kinetic energy with the production and release of gases under pressure or the release of gas under pressure. These high pressure gases then do mechanical work such as moving changing or shattering nearby materials.
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Explosive
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Any chemical compound mixture or device that functions by explosion
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Explosive Material
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Any material that can act as fuel for an explosion
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Exposed Surface
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The side of a structural assembly or object that is directly exposed to the fire
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Extinguish
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To cause to cease burning
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Failure
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Distrotion beakage deteroration or other fault in an item component system assembly or structure that results in unsatisfactory performance of the function for which it was designed
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Failure Analysis
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A logical systematice examinatin of an item component assembly or structure and its place and function within a system conducted in order to identify and analyze the probability causes and consequences of potential and real failures.
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Fall Down
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Drop Down
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Finishing Rate
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The time in minutes determined under specific laboratory conditions, at which the stud or joist in contact with the exposed protective membrane in a protected combustible assembly reaches an average temperature raise of 121 C (250 F) or an individal temperture rise of 163 C (325 F) as measured behind the protective membrane nearest the fire on the plane of the wood.
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Fire
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A rapid oxidation process which is a chemical reaction resulting in the evolution of light and heat in varying intensites
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Fire Analysis
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The process of determining the origin cause development responsibilty and when required a failure analysis of a fire or explosion
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Fire Cause
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The circumstances conditions or agencies that bring together a fuel ignition source and oxidizer such as aire or oxygen resulting in a fire or a combustion explosion
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Fire Dyanamics
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The detailed study of how chemistry fire science adn the engineering disciplines of fluid mechanics and heat transfer interact to influence fire behavior
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Fire Investigations
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The process of determining the origin cause and development of a fire or explosion
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Fire Hazard
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Any situation process material or condition that can cause a fire or explosion or that can provide a ready fuel supply to augment the spread or intensity of a fire or explosion all of which pose a threat to life or property
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Fire Patterns
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The visible or measuable physical changes or identifialbe shapes formed by a fire effect or group of fire effects
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Fire Propagation
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Fire Spread
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Fire Scene Reconstruction
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The process of recreating the physical scene during fire scene analysis investigation or through the removal of debris and the placement of contents or structual elements in their pre fire positions
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Fire Science
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The body of knowledge concerning the study of fire and related subjects such as combustion flame products of combustion heat release heat transfer fire and explosion chemistry fire and explosion dynamics thermodynamics kinetics fluid mechanics fire safety and their interaction with people structures and the environment
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Fire Spread
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The movement of fire from one place to another
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Flame
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A body or stream of gaseous material involved in the cmubtion process and emitting radiant energy at specific wavelength bands determined by the combustion of chemistry of the fuel In most cases some portion of the emitted rediant energy is visble to the human eye
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Flame Front
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The flaming leading edge of a propagating combustion reaction zone
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Flameover
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The conditio where unburned fuel from the originating fire has accumulated in the ceiling layer to a sufficient concentration at or above the lower flammable limit. that it ignites and burns can occur without ignition of or prior to the ignition of other fuels separated from the origin
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Flammable
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Capable of burning with a flame
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Flammable Limit
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The upper or lower concentration limit at a specified termperture and pressure of a flammable gas or a vapor of an ignible liquid and air expressed as a percentage of fuel by volume that can be ignited
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Flammable Limit
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The upper or lower concerntration limit at a specified temperature and pressure of a flammable gas or a vapor of an ignitible liquid and air, expressed as a percentage of fuel by volume that can be ignited
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Flammable Range
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The range of concentrations between the lower and upper flammable limits
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Flammable Liquid
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A liquid that has a closed cup flash point that is below 37.8 C (100 F) and a maximum vapor pressure of 2068 mm Hg (40 psia)
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Flash Point of a Liquid
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the lowest temperature of a liquid as determined by specific laboratory tests, at which the liquid gives off vapors at a sufficient rate to support a momentary flame across its surface
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Flash Fire
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A fire that spreads by means of a flame front rapidly through a diffuse fuel such as dust gas or the vapors of an ignitible liquid, without the production of a damaging pressure
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Diffused fuel: A gas, vapor dust particlate aerosol mist fog or hybrid mixture of these suspended in the atmosphere which is capable of being ignited and propagating a flame front
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Flashover
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A transition phase in the development of a compartment fire in which surfaces exposed to thermal radiation reach ignition temperature more or less simultanecously and fire spreads rapidly throughout the space resulting in full room involvement or total involvement of the compartment or enclosed space
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Everything reaches it ignition tempure at the same time
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Forensic Science
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The application of science to answer questions of interest to the legal system
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Fuel
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A material that will maintain combustion under specified envirornmental conditions
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Fuel Gas
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Natural gas manufactured gas LP Gas and similar gases commonly used for commercial or residential purposes such as heating cooling or cooking
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Fuel Load
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The total quantity of combustible contents of a building space or fire area including interior finish and trim expressed in heat units or the equivalent weight in wood
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Fuel Controlled Fire
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A fire in which the heat release rate and growth rate are controlled by the characteristics of the fuel such as quantity and geormetry and in which adequate air combustion is available.
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Full Room Involvement
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Condition in a compartment fire in which the entire volume is involved in fire (Dont have to have flashover but more than likely you will)
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What is the term "Ipse dixit"
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it is latin meaning he himself
used in the legal world as to something that is asserted but unproved |
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The size of a fire in Kilowatts is known as
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Heat Release Rate (HRR)
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What does the Heat Release Rate (HRR) affect
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It affects the temperature of the fire. Its ability to entrain air (draw fresh air into the fire plume)
The identity of the chemical species produced in the fire. |
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What is Radiant Heat Flux
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Heat Flux is a measure of the rate of energy falling on or flowing through a surface
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How do you measure the Radiant heat flux
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it is the measurement of the Heat Release Rate (HRR) of a fire in Kilowatts, multiplied by the radiant fraction (about 0.3), divided by the area over which the energy is spread in square meters. Radiant Heat Flux is measured in units of power per unit area or Kilowatts per square meter.
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All matter is composed of
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Atoms, with the rare exceptions of rare gases.
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Air is a mixture of
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Gases
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What is the basic unit of a Polymer
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Monomer
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Explain what a ventilation controlled fire is
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It is a post flashover fire all of the exposed fuel is already ignited so the growth of the fire is limited by the amount of air available to combine with the burning fuel.
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What usually occurs in a compartment flashover fire
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The windows break
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What is the definition of fire patterns
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They are the visible or measurable effects that remain after a fire.
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Fire patterns can be caused by
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Radiation, contact with the hot gas layer, contact with coals, or by contact with the fire plume (direct flame impingement)
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What are some of the fire patterns produced prior to full room involvement
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Triangles, columns, and cones.
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In ventilation controlled fires patterns are generated around what
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Doors, windows as well as any places where air leakage existed byfore the fire or where such ventilation was created as a result of the fire.
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What is the name of this fire pattern
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Columnar fire pattern short lived and uncommon in indoors
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What is Michigan vs. Tyler
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The Court held that an expectation of privacy exists even after a building burns, so a warrant is required except when there are exigent circumstances.
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What is Michigan vs. Clifford
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The court held that the need for a warrant existed even in cases of administrative searches, that is those searches that start out being conducted for the purposes other than the collection of evidence in a criminal investigation
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Under the Daubert standard a trial Judge is considered to be
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A Gatekeeper
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Which of the following is not a measure of reliability of a theory under Daubert
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It has been tested.
It has a knonw rate of error It has been subj to peer review It is established by time-tested practice |
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It is established by time-tested practice |
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Name the Burn Pattern
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Clean burn
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Name the burn pattern
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Inverted Cone Pattern
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Name the burn pattern
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V pattern
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Name the burn pattern
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Inverted Cone
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Name the pattern
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V pattern
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Name the pattern
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Protected area
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Name the pattern
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Rundown
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Name the pattern
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Gas spill
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Name the pattern
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Electrical
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A Plume with a narrow base will what over time as the fire spreads.
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Increase
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A Plume with a wide base will develop from a fire with what type of surface area
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Large surface area
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Define fire patterns
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Fire patterns are the visible or measurable physical effects that remain after a fire. These include thermal effects on materials such as charring oxidation, consumption of combustibles, smoke and soot deposits, distortion, melting color changes, changes in the charactoer of materials, stuctural collapse and other effects.
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Combustible surfaces will become what at the begining of pyrolysis?
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Darkened. be burned or be in various stages of charring
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None Combustible surfaces may exhibit what type of changes
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They may exhibit color changes, oxidation physical distortions or melting.
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The angle of a V shaped pattern is dependant on several things what are they?
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1. The Heat Release Rate (HRR)
2. The effects of ventilation 3. the ignitability of the vertical surface on which the pattern appears and combustibilty of the vertical surface on which it appears. 3. The presence of interceding horizontal surfaces such as ceilings, shelves, table tops or the overhanging constuction on the exterior of a building |
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Does the angle of the borders of a v pattern indicate speed of fire growth.
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No
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What are inverted cone patterns commonly caused by
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Vertical flame plumes of the burning volatile fuels not reaching the ceiling.
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Irregular Patterns such as curved or pool shaped on floors and floor covering can sometime be caused by ?
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Full room involvement, patterns similar in appearance to ignitable liquid burn patterns can be produced when no ignitable liquid is present
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Saddle Burns a U or saddle saddle shaped patterns that are sometimes found on the top edges of floor joists. What area they cause by?
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They are caused by fire burning downward through the floor above the affected joist. They They also may be created by radiant heat from a burning merial in close proximity to the floor. Ventilation caused by floor openings may also contribute.
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A barn is considered what type of construction?
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Post and frame
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Plank and beam construction is made up of what?
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few large members replace the many small wood members used in typical wood framing. Large dimension beams more widely spaced replace the standard floor and or roof framing
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Post to Frame construction is made up of what?
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It is similar to Plank and beam the struture utilizes larger elements, the frame included is provided to attach the exterior finish.
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Heavy Timber is what type of construction?
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columns, beams arches, floors, and roofs are basically of unprotected wood solid or laminated with large cross sectional areas.
All bearing walls exterior or interior be masonry or other 2 hours rated noncombustible materials. |
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What are the 3 different type of evidence?
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Demonstrative, Documentary and Testimonial evidence
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Define Demonstrative evidence?
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it consiste of tangible items can be done via witness identification chain of custody. Photographs, map sketches diagrams and models
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Define Documentary evidence?
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is any evidence in written form. Business records such as sales receipts, inventory lists. checks insurance policies calendars telephone records.
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Define Testimonial evidence?
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Given by a competent live witness speaking under oath or affirmation
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Fire Propagation
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Fire Spread the movement of fire from one place to another
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Fire Scene Reconstruction
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The process of recreating the physical scene during frie scene analysis through the removal of debris and replacement of contents or structural elements in their pre-fire positions
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Define Fire Science
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The body of knowledge concerning the study of fire and related subjects (combustion, flame, products of combustion, heat release, heat transfer, fire and explosion chemistry, fire and explosion dynamics, thermodynamics, kinetics, fluid medchanics, fire safety) and there interaction with people, structures and environment.
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Define Flame
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A body or stream of gaseous material involved in the combustion process and emitting radiant energy at specific wavelength bands determined by the combustion chemistry of the fuel. In most cases some portion of the emitted radiant energy is visible to the human eye
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Define Flame Front
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the leading edge of burning gases of a combustion reaction
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Flameover
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The condition where unburned fuel from the originating fire has accumulated in the ceiling layer to a sufficient concentration (at or above the lower flammable limit) that it ignites and burns; can occur without ignition and prior to the ignition of other fuels separate from the origin
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Flammable
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Capable of burning with a flame
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Flammable Limit
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The upper or lower concentration limit at a specified temperature and pressure of a flammable gas or a vapor of an ignitable liquid and air expressed as a persentage of fuel by volume that can be ignited
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High Explosive
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A material that is capable of sustaining a reaction front that moves through the unreacted material at a speed equal to or greater than that of sound in that medium typically 1000 m/s 3000 ft/sec a material capable of sustaining a detonation
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A high explosive is characterized by the extreme rapidity with which its decomposition occurs; this action is known as detonation. When initiated by a blow or shock, it decomposes almost instantaneously, either in a manner similar to an extremely rapid combustion or with rupture and rearrangement of the molecules themselves.
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Hypergolic Material
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Any substance that will spontaneously ignite or explode upon exposure to an oxidizer
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A combination of fuel and oxidizer that ignite spontaneously on contact, such as methanol and hydrogen peroxide; used as rocket propellant.
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Low Explosive
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An explosive that has a reaction velocity of less than 1000 m/s 3000 ft/sec
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Material First Ignited
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The fuel that is first set on fire by the heat of ignition to be meaningful both a type of material adn a form of material should be identified
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Non Combustible
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A material that in the form in which it is used and under the condition anticipated will not ignite burn support combustion or release flammable vapors when sujected to fire or heat.
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Low Order Explosion
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A slow rate of pressure rise or lowforce explosion characterized by a pushing or dislodging effect on the confining structure or container and by short missile distances.
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