Neuroscience Test 2

Front 1

When does the first neural tissue appear during development?

Back 1

End of 3rd week

Front 2

The embryo is a trilaminar disc composed of 3 primary germ layers. Name them.

Back 2

- Endoderm

- Mesoderm

- Ectoderm

Front 3

Endoderm will give rise to?

Back 3

- Lungs
- Liver
- Guts

Front 4

Mesoderm will give rise to?

Back 4

Connective tissue
Muscle
- Vascular structures
- Blood cells
- Bone marrow
- Portions of internal organs

Front 5

Ectoderm will give rise to?

Back 5

- Epidermis
- CNS
- PNS

Front 6

Between 16 and 21 days of development, a structure forms from the embryonic mesoderm known as the?

Back 6

Notochord

Front 7

The notochord:

Back 7

1. defines the longitudinal axis of the embryo
2. determines the orientation of the vertebral column
3. persists as the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs
4. induces the overlying ectoderm to form the neural plate (process known as induction)

Front 8

1) Between days 16 and 21 -

2) Around day 18 -

3) By day 21 -

4) Begins around day 20 and goes to day 42 -

Back 8

1) development of notochord

2) neural groove and neural folds formed

3) Primary neurulation (forming of neural tube)

4) Secondary neurulation

Front 9

1) Anterior neuropore closes on day ____.

2) Posterior neuropore closes on day ____.

Back 9

1) ~24

2) ~26

Front 10

Primary neurulation gives rise to?

Back 10

brain and spinal cord thru lumber levels

Front 11

Secondary neurulation gives rise to?

Back 11

sacral and coccygeal levels of spinal cord

Front 12

Process by which neural plate infolds forming neural tube. Most of neural tube is formed this way. During this process, the lumen of the neural tube remains continuous with the amniotic cavity on both ends. Creates openings called neuropores.

Back 12

Primary Neurulation

Front 13

Prcess consists of formation of a group of cells called the caudal eminence. As caudal eminence grows, it also develops a central cavity and then connects with the neural tube. Cavities of neural tube and caudal eminence become continuous with each other.

Back 13

Secondary Neurulation

Front 14

Failure of anterior neuropore to close causes:

Back 14

Anencephaly

Front 15

Failure of posterior neuropore

Back 15

Spina bifida

Front 16

Brain not formed, surrounding meninges and skull may be absent, facial abnormalities present. Occurs in 5/10,000 live births. Fatal

Back 16

Anencephaly

Front 17

Failure of vertebral arches to form completely

Back 17

Spina bifida

Front 18

Failure of vertebral arches to form, and if the skin is closed over the defect, the condition is?

Found in ~10% of population. No neurological deficits. Site of defect marked by patch of dark hair.

Back 18

spina bifida occulta

Front 19

Spina bifida that is accompanied by a cystic mass that protrudes through the defect.

Back 19

Spina bifida cystica

Front 20

If the cyst in spina bifida cystica contains only meninges and CSF it is known as?

Back 20

meningocele

Front 21

If the cyst contains meninges, CSF, and spinal neural tissue it is known as?

Back 21

meningomyelocele

Front 22

Obstruction of the foramen magnum obstructs the flow of CSF resulting in hydrocephaly. What is this called?

Back 22

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

Front 23

Congenital abnormalities associated with defects in secondary neurulation are called? What is the most common type?

Back 23

Myelodysplasia; Tethered Cord Syndrome

Front 24

Three layers formed in wall of tube

Back 24

1) Internal (Luminal) Layer - ventricular zone; neuroblasts arise from dividing cells in this zone

2) Marginal zone (on albuminal surface) - devoid of cells

3) Intermediate zone - migrating cells. Between ventricular and marginal zones

Front 25

Almost all neurons have been produced by _______

Back 25

24 weeks gestation

Front 26

After 24 weeks, _____ occurs.

Back 26

Apoptosis (programmed cell death)

Front 27

_____,_____, and others limit programmed cell death.

Back 27

Nerve growth factor, fibroblast growth factor

Front 28

Critical period

Back 28

period of time during which plastic changes can occur

Front 29

Neural tube enlarges to form 3 primary brain vesicles:

Back 29

1) Prosencephalon (Forebrain)

2) Mesencephalon (Midbrain)

3) Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)

Front 30

Two bends or flexures develop in neural tube:

Back 30

1) Cervical Flexure - at rhombencephalon/spinal cord junction

2) Cephalic Flexure - at level of mesencephalon