Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Definition: Ipsilateral
|
same side
|
|
|
Definition: Contralateral
|
opposite side
|
|
|
Definition: Decussation
|
crossing over of nerve fibers
|
|
|
Definition: Commissure
|
group of fibers that connect the right and left sides
|
|
|
Definition: Nucleus
|
group of neurons
|
|
|
Definition: Tract
|
bundle of nerve fibers
|
|
|
Definition: White Matter
|
tissue that's mainly composed of MYELINATED nerve fibers
|
|
|
Definition: Grey Matter
|
neural tissue composed mainly of NEURAL CELL BODIES plus glial cells
|
|
|
Definition: Glial Cells
|
supporting, non-signaling cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells)
|
|
|
Definition: Afferent
|
'A'fferent= 'A'scending (toward)
conduction toward a structure sensory information coming into the brain |
|
|
Definition: Efferent
|
Efferent: away from
conduction occurs away from the brain outgoing motor information |
|
|
What are the three overlapping function of the nervous system?
|
1. sensory receptors
(gathering of sensory info.) 2. CNS processes (interpretation of sensory info.) 3. Activating effector organs (response, motor output) |
|
|
Where is the peripheral nervous system located and what is its function?
|
Peripheral n.s. is located OUTSIDE the CNS
Function: links all regions of the body through somatic and autonomic n.s. |
|
|
What are the two divisions of the sensory (afferent) division of the PNS and what are their functions?
|
Sensory (afferent) division:
1. Somatic Sensory: touch, pain, pressure, temp., hearing, vision, smell of BODY 2. Visceral Sensory: stretch, pain, temp., taste, nausea, hunger of ORGANS |
|
|
What are the two divisions of the motor (efferent) division of the PNS and what are their functions?
|
1. Somatic Motor:
motor innervation of all skeletal muscles of the BODY 2. Visceral Motor: motor innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands of ORGANS |
|
|
What are the three regions of the CNS and what is their general function?
|
1. brain
2. brainstem 3. spinal cord Function: integration and command centers |
|
|
Where is the brainstem located in relation to the spinal cord and what are its three major functions?
|
Brainstem: rostral continuation of s.c.
Functions: 1. sensory/motor to face and neck 2. location of major fiber tracts between brain and spinal cord 3. regulatory center for basic life functions |
|
|
The largest part of the brain are the __ __ and their two major divisions are the __ __ and __ __.
|
The largest part of the brain are the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES and their two major divisions are the CEREBRAL CORTEX and DEEP STRUCTURES.
|
|
|
Definition: Gyrus
|
Gyrus: humps (tops of mountains)
|
|
|
Definition: Sulcus
|
Sulcus: in-foldings (canyons)
|
|
|
During which developmental stage is the basic form of the n.s. complete?
|
embryonic stage
2-8wks |
|
|
What occurs during the fetal stage of development in utero in relation to the n.s.?
|
cell proliferation
connectivity myelination |
|
|
Define ectoderm and the structures it develops into.
|
ectoderm: outermost layer
becomes skin, sensory organs, epidermis, and NERVOUS SYSTEM |
|
|
Define mesoderm and the structures it develops into.
|
mesoderm: middle layer
becomes muscle, dermis, skeleton, circulatory system and SPINAL COLUMN |
|
|
Define endoderm and the structures it develops into.
|
endoderm: deepest layer
becomes epithelium of gut, digestive system, liver, pancreas, and respiratory system |
|
|
What are the 4 stages of neural tube formation?
|
1. neural plate
2. neural groove 3. anterior/posterior poles of groove differentiate 4. neural tube separation from neural crest and ectoderm *brain and spinal cord become distinguished |
|
|
The hindbrain becomes the ___ and __.
|
the hindbrain becomes the MYELENCEPHALON and METENCEPHALON.
|
|
|
The myelencephalon becomes the __ while the metecephalon becomes the __, __, __, and __.
|
The myelencephalon becomes the LOWER MEDULLA while the metecephalon becomes the PONS, MEDULLA, CEREBELLUM, and 4TH VENTRICLE.
|
|
|
The midbrain stays the midbrain and becomes the __ and __.
|
The midbrain stays the midbrain and becomes the MIDBRAIN and CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT.
|
|
|
The forebrain becomes the __ and __.
|
The forebrain becomes the DIENCEPHALON and TELENCEPHALON.
|
|
|
The diencephalon becomes the __, __, and __ while the telencephalon becomes the __, __, __, and __.
|
The diencephalon becomes the THALAMUS, HYPOTHALAMUS, and 3RD VENTRICLE while the telencephalon becomes the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, BASAL GANGLIA, CEREBRAL CORTEX, and LATERAL VENTRICLES.
|
|
|
The dorsal horn of the spinal cord does __ functions while the ventral horn does __ functions.
|
The dorsal horn of the spinal cord does SENSORY functions while the ventral horn does MOTOR functions.
|
|
|
The dorsal root ganglion are in the __ matter while the ventral roots are in the __ matter.
|
The dorsal root ganglion are in the WHITE matter while the ventral roots are in the GRAY matter.
|
|
|
What are the four structures that protect the brain from injury?
|
Skull
Meninges (Dura, Arachnoid, Pia Mater) CSF Blood brain barrier |
|
|
The meninges cover the __ and __.
|
The meninges cover the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.
|
|
|
The meninges are __ layers that cover the __ and the __.
|
The meninges are the 3 layers that cover the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.
|
|
|
What are the 3 functions of the meninges?
|
The meninges:
1. separate the brain from skull 2. enclose and protect the vessels that supply the CNS 3. contain the CSF |
|
|
The dura mater contains the __ __ and __.
|
The dura mater contains the BLOOD VESSELS and NERVES.
|
|
|
What two layers compose the dura mater?
|
The dura mater is composed of the PERIOSTEAL LAYER (outermost, lines skull) and MENINGEAL LAYER (innermost).
|
|
|
The falx cerebri of the dura mater is a __ that separates the __ hemisphere from the __ hemisphere.
|
The falx cerebri of the dura mater is a SEPTA that separates the RIGHT hemisphere from the LEFT hemisphere.
|
|
|
The tentorium cerebelli of the dura mater divides the cranial cavity into the __ compartment and __ compartment.
|
The tentorium cerebelli of the dura mater divides the cranial cavity into the SUPRATENTORIAL compartment and INFRATENTORIA compartment.
|
|
|
The subdural space of the arachnoid mater is a space between the __ and __ mater that may become filled with fluids in certain pathologic conditions.
|
The subdural space of the arachnoid mater is a space between the DURA and ARACHNOID mater that may become filled with fluids in certain pathologic conditions.
|
|
|
The __ __ of the arachnoid mater is a lattice structure that creates space internal to the barrier cell layer and is external to the pia mater.
|
The SUBARACHNOID SPACE of the arachnoid mater is a lattice structure that creates space internal to the barrier cell layer and is external to the pia mater.
|
|
|
The subarachnoid space of the arachnoid mater contains these five structures:
|
The subarachnoid space of the arachnoid mater contains these five structures:
1. TRABECULAE CELLS 2. CSF 3. BLOOD VESSELS 4. ROOTS OF CRANIAL NERVES |
|
|
The arachnoid villi in the arachnoid mater allow __ to flow from the arachnoid space ( __ pressure) into __ sinuses ( __ pressure) leading to venous circulation.
|
The arachnoid villi in the arachnoid mater allow CSF to flow from the arachnoid space ( HIGH pressure) into DURAL sinuses ( LOW pressure) leading to venous circulation.
|
|
|
The pia mater covers the surface of the __, __ __, and __ __.
|
The pia mater covers the surface of the BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, and BLOOD VESSELS (in brain).
|
|
|
The __ __ __ separates the brain from the pia mater.
|
The GLIAL BASEMENT MEMBRANE separates the brain from the pia mater.
|
|
|
The four coverings of the spinal cord are:
1. 2. 3. 4. |
The four coverings of the spinal cord are:
1. SPINAL DURA MATER 2. SPINAL ARACHNOID MATER 3. SPINAL PIA MATER 4. LUMBAR CISTERN |
|
|
The four surface features of the CAUDAL spinal cord are:
1. 2. 3. 4. |
The four surface features of the CAUDAL spinal cord are:
1. CONUS MEDULLARIS 2. FILUM TERMINALE INTERNUM 3. COCCYGEAL LIGAMENT 4. CAUDA EQUINA |
|
|
The spinal meninges are __ layers of connective tissues surrounding the __ __.
|
The spinal meninges are 3 layers of connective tissues surrounding the SPINAL CORD.
|
|
|
The spinal meninges are continuous with the meninges surrounding the brain __ __, __ __, and __ __.
|
The spinal meninges are continuous with the meninges surrounding the brain DURA MATER, ARACHNOID MATER, and PIA MATER.
|
|
|
The dura mater encloses the __ __.
|
The dura mater encloses the SPINAL CORD.
|
|
|
The arachnoid mater adheres to the inner surface of the __ __.
|
The arachnoid mater adheres to the inner surface of the DURA MATER.
|
|
|
The pia mater is attached to the surface of the __ __.
|
The pia mater is attached to the surface of the SPINAL CORD.
|
|
|
This is the site for lumbar punctures:
|
This is the site for lumbar punctures:
LUMBAR CISTERN |
|
|
The __ __ is filled with CSF and is continuous with the __ __ of the brain.
|
The SUBARACHNOID SPACE is filled with CSF and is continuous with the SUBARACHNOID SPACE of the brain.
|
|
|
The __ space separates the __ __ from the vertebrae.
|
The EPIDURAL space separates the DURAL SAC from the vertebrae.
|
|
|
A spinal tap is a diagnostic test that tests the __ and __ of CSF from the __ __ (subarachnoid space). In adults, spinal taps occur at the level of __ to __ and in children, the spinal tap occurs at the level of __ to __.
|
A spinal tap is a diagnostic test that tests the PRESSURE and CONTENT of CSF from the LUMBAR CISTERN (subarachnoid space). In adults, spinal taps occur at the level of L3 to L4 and in children, the spinal tap occurs at the level of L4 to L5.
|
|
|
The four ventricles of the brain are:
1. 2 __ __ 2. 1 __ __ 3. 1 __ __ |
The four ventricles of the brain are:
1. 2 LATERAL VENTRICLES 2. 1 THIRD VENTRICLE 3. 1 FOURTH VENTRICLE |
|
|
Lateral ventricles (2) are cavities of the __ and are located in each __.
|
Lateral ventricles (2) are cavities of the TELENCEPHALON and are located in each HEMISPHERE.
|
|
|
In what ventricle is the largest collection of CSF?
|
Largest collection of CSF:
Lateral ventricles |
|
|
The lateral ventricles communicate with the 3rd ventricle via the __ __.
|
The lateral ventricles communicate with the 3rd ventricle via the INTERVENTRICULAR FORAMEN (OF MONROE.
|
|
|
The third ventricle is the cavity of the __ and is located between the __.
|
The third ventricle is the cavity of the DIENCEPHALON and is located between the THALAMI.
|
|
|
The third ventricle communicates rostrally with the __ of __ and caudally with the __ __.
|
The third ventricle communicates rostrally with the FORAMEN of MONROE and caudally with the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT.
|
|
|
The fourth ventricle forms the cavity of the __ and communicates with the subarachnoid space via the __ of __ and __ of __.
|
The fourth ventricle forms the cavity of the MESENCEPHALON and communicates with the subarachnoid space via the FORAMINA of LUSCHKA and FORAMINA of MAGENDIE.
|
|
|
The choroid plexus is found in the __, __, and __ __ and produces __ which flows through the __ and __ __.
|
The choroid plexus is found in the LATERAL, 3rd, and 4th VENTRICLES and produces CSF which flows through the VENTRICLES and SUBARACHNOID SPACE.
|
|
|
The CSF is secreted by the __ __ cells; has a high concentration of __, __, and __; has a low concentration of __.
|
The CSF is secreted by the CHOROID EPITHELIAL cells; has a high concentration of CHLORIDE, MAGNESIUM, and SODIUM; has a low concentration of PROTEINS.
|
|
|
The blood brain barrier prevents __, __, and __ __ from passing into the CSF.
|
The blood brain barrier prevents PROTEINS, PEPTIDES, and LARGE MOLECULES from passing into the CSF.
|
|
|
What are the four functions of the CSF?
|
Protection
Buoyancy Excretion Endocrine medium for brain |
|
|
What are the locations of CSF circulation?
|
1. CSF produced in choroid plexus
2. Ventricular system 3. Exits 4th ventricle via Foramina of Luschka and Magendi 4. Enters subarachnoid space 5. Absorbed into blood stream through the arachnoid villi and superior sagittal sinus |
|
|
Meningitis is inflammation of the __ surrounding the __ and/or __ __. The signs and symptoms are vomitting, headache, fever, confussion, and neck stiffness. This can be a __ or __ infection.
|
Meningitis is inflammation of the MENINGES surrounding the BRAIN and/or SPINAL CORD. The signs and symptoms are vomitting, headache, fever, confussion, and neck stiffness. This can be a BACTERIAL or VIRAL infection.
|
|
|
The symptoms of bacterial meningitis include elevated __ and __. The CSF may be __, have increased __ and __, and have decreased __.
|
The symptoms of bacterial meningitis include elevated TEMPERATURE and FEVER. The CSF may be CLOUDY, have increased PROTEIN and WBCs, and have decreased GLUCOSE.
|
|
|
The symptoms of viral meningitis include __ and increased __ __. The CSF will have increased __ and __, and normal __.
|
The symptoms of viral meningitis include FEVER and increased INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE. The CSF will have increased PROTEINS and WBCs, and normal GLUCOSE.
|
|
|
What is herniation syndrome and what does it occur with?
|
Herniation syndrome occurs with an intracranial event (hemorrhage, rapid tumor growth, TBI)
|
|
|
The symptoms of herniation syndrome include increases in __ __ and shifts in __ __.
|
The symptoms of herniation syndrome include increases in INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE and shifts in DURAL REFLECTIONS.
|
|
|
What is menigioma? What are its origins? And where are they usually located?
|
Meningioma: tumors of meninges
Origins: Arachnoid cells (villi) Usually located in the cranial cavity *NOT A BRAIN TUMOR |
|
|
The symptoms of menigioma are caused by __ of __ __.
|
The symptoms of menigioma are caused by COMPRESSION of BRAIN STRUCTURES.
|
|
|
What are the three types of meningeal hemorrhage?
|
1. Epi(extra)dural hemorrhage
2. Subdural hemorrhage 3. Subarachnoid hemorrhage |
|
|
Epidural and Subdural hemorrhage may be caused by __ injury with or without __ fracture.
|
Epidural and Subdural hemorrhage may be caused by HEAD injury with or without SKULL fracture.
|
|
|
What are the signs and symptoms of epidural hematoma?
|
increased intracranial pressure
headache, confusion, disorientation changes in responsiveness death |
|
|
What is subdural hemorrhage?
|
bleeding at the junction of the arachnoid with the dura mater
|
|
|
What causes subarachnoid hemorrhage and what are the symptoms?
|
Subarachnoid hemorrhage:
Causes: trauma, rupture of intracranial aneurysm Symptoms: sudden headache neck stiffnes vomitting altered state of consciousness fainting |
|
|
What is Obstructive hydrocephalus and what are the common causes?
|
Obstructive hydrocephalus:
blockage of CSF flow caused by obstruction within the ventricular system or within the subarachnoid space Cause: congenital malformations after inflammation or hemorrhage mass lesions |
|
|
What are the two major arteries that supply the brain?
|
internal carotid artery
vertebral/basilar artery |
|
|
The vertebral arteries merge to become the __ artery.
|
The vertebral arteries merge to become the BASILAR artery.
|
|
|
What are the 5 branches of the internal carotid artery?
|
Middle cerebral a.
Anterior cerebral a. Opthalamic a. Anterior Choroidal a. Posterior Communicating a. |
|
|
The opthalamic artery supplies the __ of __ eye and __ __ near the eye.
|
The opthalamic artery supplies the RETINA of IPSILATERAL eye and CRANIAL DURA near the eye.
|
|
|
The anterior choroidal artery supplies the __ structures of the brain which include these five structures.
|
The anterior choroidal artery supplies the DEEP structures of the brain which include these five structures.
CHOROID PLEXUS IN LATERAL VENTRICLES HIPPOCAMPUS BASAL GANGLIA INTERNAL CAPSULE OPTIC TRACT |
|
|
What are the four branches of the basilar artery?
|
posterior cerebral arteries
superior cerebellar artery labarynthine artery anterior inferior cerebellar artery |
|
|
The posterior cerebral arteries give rise to the __ __ arteries.
|
The posterior cerebral arteries give rise to the POSTERIOR COMMUNICATING arteries.
|
|
|
The basilar artery supplies the __ __ __ and the __ __ __ __. The vertebral arteries supply the __ __ __ __.
|
The basilar artery supplies the SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR ARTERIES and the ANTERIOR INFERIOR CEREBELLAR ARTERIES. The vertebral arteries supply the POSTERIOR INFERIOR CEREBELLAR ARTERIES.
|
|
|
What are the six arteries of the Circle of Willis?
|
anterior communicating artery
anterior cerebral arteries middle cerebral arteries posterior communicating arteries posterior cerebral arteries basilar artery |
|
|
What are the six sinuses that drain blood away from the brain?
|
superior sagittal
interior sagittal transverse sagittal confluence of sinuses cavernous sphenoparietal |
|
|
The superficial middle cerebral vein drain into the __ sinus.
*SUPERFICIAL VEIN |
The superficial middle cerebral vein drain into the CAVERNOUS sinus.
|
|
|
The superior anastomotic vein of Troland drains into the __ __ sinus.
*SUPERFICIAL VEIN |
The superior anastomotic vein of Troland drains into the SUPERIOR SAGITTAL sinus.
|
|
|
The inferior anastomotic vein of Labbe drains into the __ sinus.
*SUPERFICIAL VEIN |
The inferior anastomotic vein of Labbe drains into the TRANSVERSE sinus.
|
|
|
What are the four veins of the spinal cord?
|
anteromedial spinal vein
anterolateral spinal veins posteromedian spinal vein posterolateral spinal vein |
