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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
On what day does the embryonic ectoderm begine to thicken? What does this form?
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day 18
neural plate |
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What is the location of the neural plate? What is the location of the notochord?
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plate-dorsal midline
chord-ventral to plate |
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What is the origin of the neural plate? notochord?
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ectoderm
mesoderm |
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What is induction?
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when mesodermal cells send a chemical signal to the overlying ectoderm cells to begin differentiation into the neural plate
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What causes development of the neural folds? Are the folds at the medial or lateral margin?
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epithelial cells in the neural plate proliferate and elongate
lateral |
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Eventually the neural plate cells pinch off to form the _____.
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neural tube
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Where is the neural tube located?
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underneath the ectoderm of the embryo
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The apposition of th eneural folds to become the neural tube occurs first where?
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middle of embryo and then extends rostral and caudal
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What are the rostral and caudal openings at each end of the developing neural tube called?
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neuropores
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What occurs when the caudal neuropore fails to close but neural tissue continues to develop normally?
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spina bifida
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What is necessary to induce the formation of the vertebral arches from overlying meoderm?
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a closed neural tube
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What is meningoceles? meningomyloceles?
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protrusion of the meninges
protrusion of meninges and meningomyloceles |
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What is anencephaly?
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failure of rostral neuropore closure and tissue differentiation
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What are the cells that originate lateral to the neural plate are pinched off and migrate between the ectoderm and the neural tube calles?
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neural crest cells
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The neural crest cells form all gleal cells within which sensory ganglia?
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V, VII, IX, X
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Where do epithelial cells proliferate?
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both in neural plate and after the neural plate cells have formed the neural tube
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What are most of the neuroepithelial cells connected to?
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both the external and internal limiting membrane
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What happens to the connections of the epithelial cell during the M phase?
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Thje nuclei of dividing cells move toward the internal limiting membrane and lose their connection to the external limiting membrane
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Name the ciliated cells that line the lumen of the neural tube.
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Ependymal cells
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What type of cell provides the framework for cells to migrate?
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radial cells
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Where does most division of cells occur?
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at ventricular surface
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The process of cell division along the internal limiting membrane and then daughter cells moving back toward the external limiting membrane is called what?
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interkinetic nuclear migration
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Describe a neurons 'birthday'.
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throughout dev groups of neuroepithelial cells that are destined to become neurons devide one last time and then leave mitotic cycle forever, this last division is the neuron's 'birthday'
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Neurons that have similar 'birthday's' have what else in common?
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they are part of the same structure
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Where do neuroepithelial cells go to once they stop dividing?
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proliferative zone
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Name the three distinct layers of the neural tube. (in to out) Which layer gets thicker as cells differentiate?
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inner-ventricular
mantle outer-marginal mantle thickens |
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How many vesicles are present at 4 weeks? Name them.
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3
prosencephalon mesencephalon rhombencephalon |
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How many compartments are present at 5-6 weeks?
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5
telencephalon diencephalon mesencephalon metencephalon myelencephalon |
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What flexural changes occur at day 26? Is it on the ventral or dorsal surface?
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mesencephalic and cervical flexures
on the ventral surface |
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What flexural changes occur between days 35-50? Is it on the ventral or dorsal surface?
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pontine
dorsal surface |
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What does the telencephalon give rise to?
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cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and hippocampus
also lateral ventricle |
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What does the diencephalon give rise to?
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epithalamus (pineal gland), thalmus, hypothalamus
third ventricle |
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What does the mesencephalon form?
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midbrain
cerebral aqueduct |
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What does the metencephalon form?
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cerebellum, pons
fourth ventricle |
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What does the myelencephalon form?
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medulla
fourth ventricle |
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What travels the length of the neural tube (developing spinal cord) and separates the dorsal and ventral regions?
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sulcus limitans
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The dorsal or ____ plate neurons become specialized to process _____ information.
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alar
afferent or incoming sensory |
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The ventral or _____ plate neurons become specialized to process _____ information.
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basal
efferent or output |
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What does the spinal cord develop from?
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neural tube
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Cranial nerve nuclei are prominent occupants of the brainstem, beginning in the ____.
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medulla
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Which neurons receive incoming information about touch, temperature of the head and neck?
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GSA-General Somatic Afferent
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Which neurons receive incoming information from the special senses: visceral? What are the visceral senses?
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SVA-Special Visceral Afferent
taste and olfaction |
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What are the neurons that innervate the extraocular muscles and the muscles of the tongue?
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GSE-General Somatic Efferent
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What are the neurons the receive incoming information about visceral organs?
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GVA
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What are the neurons that innervate visceral smooth muscle and glands?
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GVE
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What are the neurons that innervate striated muscle derived from the branchial areches?
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SVE
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What are the neurons that receive incomin information from the special senses: somatic? What are the somatic sences?
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SSA
vision, hearing, balance |
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What are the two distinct structural parts of the medulla? (referring to its relationship to th efourth ventricle)
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caudal closed, and rostral open
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What are the dorsal alar plate derivatives in the closed medulla?
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cuneate and gracile nuclei
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What are the cuneate and gracile nucli responsible for?
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receive afferent somatosensory input from the spinal nerve ganglia via the dorsal columns
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In the basal region of the medulla, what type of motor fibers are seen?
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corticospinal motor fibers (pyramids)
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In the open medulla what happens to the alar plates?
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They are displaced lateraly b/c of the enlargement of the neural canal to become the fourth ventricle
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In the medulla where are afferent (alar) derivatives located vs basal ones?
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afferent-lateral
basal-medial |
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Name the prominent alar plate derivatives in the pons. (5)
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pontine nuclei, cochlear and vestibular nuclei, trigeminal sensory nucleus, and cerebellar relay nuclei
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Name the prominent basal plate derivatives in the pons. (4)
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superior salivatory nucleus, motor nucleus of the facial nerve, abducens nucleus, and neurons in the reticular formation
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What is the cerebellum formed from?
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lateral region of the alar plate called the rhombic lips
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Describe the folding of the rhombic lips when forming the cerebellum? What does the folding cover?
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enlarge and fold medially to cover the pons
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What is unique about the cerebellar cortex?
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it has two proliferative zones
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What does the internal germinal layer of the cerebellum produce?
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neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei, Purkinje cells and cells that form the molecular layer
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How is the second proliferative zone of the cerebellum formed? What is its name?
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established when neurons migrate out from the ventricular zone to form a new zone of the periphery of the cerebellum
-external germinal layer |
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What does the external germinal layer give rise to?
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granule cell layer
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What is the name of the alar plate derivative in the midbrain?
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tectum
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What does the tectum include?
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superior and inferior colliculi
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What is the name of the basal plate derivatives of the midbrain?
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tegmentum
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What does the tegmentum include?
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trochlear and oculomotor cranial nerve nuclei, substantia nigra and the red nucleus
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The mesencephalon has a root, the _____, and a floor, the _____.
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tectum
tegmentum |
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What does the mesencephalon (midbrain) house?
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many cranial nerve nuclei
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What do neurons use to guide their migration?
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chemical cues, contact with other neurons or gleal cells and other physical aspects
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What has been shown to be important in making correct connection, especially insensory systems?
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electrical activity in afferent fibers
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Describe the formation of the cortex.
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it is built from the inside out, the outermost layer is formed last
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Is apoptosis a passive process?
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no
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