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127 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
P1
Supergranular cortex
N1
- Output processing
- Infragranular cortex
Epilepsy
- Glia buffering K+
Glia
- Astrocytes (star-shaped glial cell)
Microglia
- Encapsulate / dissolve intruders of blood-brain barrier
- Excrete cytokines and <anti>-inflammatory substances
- Could be related to PTSD, PTE, ASD
PTE
Post-traumatic epilepsy
Spinal cord nuclei
- Cuneate, gracile
Gracile fasciculus
- Spinal cord nucleus that carries sensory information up to the spinal cord
Cuneate Fasiculus
- Spinal cord nucleus that carries sensory information from the arms primarily
Charge separation
Potential energy -> Volts
Charge flow
Current, amps
Na-K pump
Removes 3 Na+ ions, brings in 2 K+ ions. Like charging a battery.
Cl- pump
Doesn't exist
Electrical pressure
Like charges repel. Makes ions want to leave cell
Chemical pressure
Diffusion; like ions want to spread out evenly
Glia ion permeability
K+ yes, Na+ no
Nernst equation
equilibrium potential ~= ion outside cell / ion inside cell
Permeability
Conductance
Net Driving Force
Nernst equation
Goldman equation
vM = chemical pressure * resting permeability
CAT scan
Structure no function
MRI
Structure and function. 10 micron spatial resolution
fMRI
Excellent spatial resolution, poor temporal resolution
PET scan
Inject / inhale positron emitting isotope
Collision of positron with electron = 2 gamma rays at 180 degrees
Good spatial resolution, poor temporal resolution
EEG
excellent temporal resolution, poor spatial resolution
MEG
Excellent spatiotemporal resolution (< 1ms, ~1mm)
ECoG
Invasive - measures electrical potential on surface of brain
May also involve stimulation
Excellent spatiotemporal resolution
SEEG
Stereotaxic electrocorticography
Measurement using implanted fine wire electrodes.
Excellent spatiotemporal resolution (<1 ms, ~10 micrometers)
Nissel stain
cell body
Myelin stain
cell processes
HRP
Horse Radish Peroxidase
Retrograde transport to cell bodies
Shows structure
2DG
2-deoxyglucose
Accumulates in active cells
Excellent spatial resolution (10 micrometers) Poor temporal resolution
Below the neck coordinate terminology
dorsal / ventral
rostral / caudal
medial / lateral
Above the neck
superior / inferior
anterior / posterior
medial / lateral
Forebrain
Telencephalon, Diencephalon
Telencephalon
Cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia
Diencephalon
Thalamus, hypothalamus
Midbrain
Mesencephalon - tectum, tegmentum
Mesencephalon
Tectum, tegmentum
Hindbrain
Metencephalon, Mycencephalon
Metencephalon
Pons, cerebellum
Myencephalon
Medulla
Uncus
External landmark above the amygdala
External extremity of parahippocampal gyrus
Smell
Cerebral Peduncles
Descending motor output from cortex
Pons
Lateral tracks to cerebellum
Cingulate Gyrus
Part of the Limbic System
Rhinencephalon
"nose brain"
Part of telencephalon
Part of Limbic System
Interactions between smell / emotion / memory / cognition
Uncus / parahippocampal gyrus / Cingulate gyrus
Fornix
Connects hippocampus to mammillary bodies
Mammothalamic tract
Connects mamms to antherior thalamic nucleus
Papez loop
Amyg -> Hipp -> Forn -> Mamms -> Ant. Thal. Nuc. -> Cing -> Cort -> Parahip -> Amyg+Hip
Internal capsule
Separates lentiform nucleus from thalamus
Carries major descending fibers to/from cortex
Pulvinar
In /out : Temporal / parietal / occipital
Sensory integration
MGB
In: Acoustic path
Out: Auditory cortex
LGB
In: Optic nerve
Out: Visual cortex
VPL
In: Somatosensory below neck
Out: Somatosensory strip
VPM
In: Somatosensory above neck
Out: Somatosensory strip
VI
In: Cerebellum
Out: M1
VL
In: Cerebellum
Out: M1
VA
In: Globus Pallidus
Out: Premotor Cortex
LD
In: Cingulate
Out: Cingulate
Emotion
LP
In: Parietal
Out: Parietal
Sensory integration
Anterior Nuclei Thalamus
In: Mamms
Out: Cingulate
MD
In: Amygdala, Hypothalamus
Out: Prefrontal
Limbic
Midline & Intralaminar Nuclei of Thalamus
In: Reticular formation
Out: Cortex
Modulate cortical excitability
Reticular Nucleus
In: All thalamic projection nuclei
Out: All thalamic projection nuclei
Modulate thalamocortical circuits
Hypothalamus
Medial -> Satiety
Lateral -> Hunger
Anterior -> Parasympathetic
Posterior -> Sympathetic
Tectum
Superior + Inferior colliculi
Tegmentum
Periaquaductal grey matter
Reticular activating system
Red Nuclei
Periaquaductal grey matter
Pain modulation
Mesencephalon
Tectum, Tegmentum
Metencephalon
Pons
Cerebellum
Myencephalon
Medulla Oblongata
Pyramids
Cuneate, Gracile nuclei
Cuneate and Gracile Nuclei
Relay of somatosensory info to VPL
C1
Olfactory
C2
Optic
C3
Oculomotor
all eye muscles except C4/C6
Ciliary, iris, sphincter
C4
Trochlear
To superior oblique
The trochlear nerve (the fourth cranial nerve, also called the fourth nerve, IV) is a motor nerve (a “somatic efferent” nerve) that innervates a single muscle: the superior oblique muscle of the eye.
C5
Trigeminal
Fm face, sinuses, teeth
To muscles of mastication
C6
Abducens
To lateral rectus
The abducens nerve or abducent nerve (the sixth cranial nerve, also called the sixth nerve or simply VI) is a somatic efferent nerve that controls the movement of a single muscle, the lateral rectus muscle of the eye, in humans.
C7
Facial
To: muscles of face, nervus intermdius
Fm: anterior tongue, soft palate
C8
Vestibulocochlear
Fm: Cochlear, Vestibular
C9
Glossopharyngeal
To: stylopharngeus, pharyngeal musculature
Fm: posterior tongue, tonsil, pharynx, middle ear
C10
Vagus
To: pharynx, heart, lungs, bronchi, GI tract
Fm: heart, lungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, GI tract, external ear
C11
Accessory
To: sternocleidomastoid, trapezius
C12
Hypoglossal
Tongue muscles
CSF
Manufactured in Choroid Plexus of ventricles
protein, glucose, K+, NaCl, H2O
Half quart per day, turnover 6-7 hours
First and second ventricles
Lateral ventricles
Third ventricle
Between the hemispheres of the thalamus
Fourth ventricle
Just ventral of cerebellum
Ventricle functions
Cushion / bouyancy
Needed space during swelling
Nutritive function
Removes waste products
Spinal column
is to spinal cord as skull is to brain
Spinal cord segments
Cervical - 7
Throacic - 12
Sacral - 5
Coccyx - 4
Spinal cord afferent / efferent
Afferent - dorsal root - Fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus
Efferent - ventral root - Lateral corticospinal tract
Propriospinal tract
Carries information between segments of spinal cord
Sympathetic ganglion
Spinal cord - delivers information to body about stress and impending danger
Downward continuation of medulla
Spinal cord
Cervical and lumbar enlargement
Increased processing load for upper and lower limbs
Spinal cord governs
All reflexes of the body
Head ganglion of the ANS
Hypothalamus
Parasympathetic
Craniosacral hypothalamus
Feeding and fucking
Sympathetic
Thoracocolumbar hypothalamus
Fight or flight
PAG ->
Periaquaductal grey -> rostroventral medulla -> spinal cord
Thal +>
Thalamus +> Reticular Nucleus +> Cortex +> Reticular Nucleus -> Thalamus
Interoceptive cortex
Insula - Fifth lobe
Inside Operculum
Fornix
Connects hippocampus to mamms
Mamms
Mammillary bodies, part of hypothalamus (autonomic)
Mammothalamic tract
Connects mamms to anterior thalamic nucleus
Lentiform nucleus
Globus pallidus (medial)
Putamen (lateral)
Cuneate and Gracile NUCLEI
Relay somatosensory info to VPL
Tegmentum ->
Interlaminar nuclei of thalamus
Granular Layer
Layer 4
Input
Basket and stellate cells
Basket cells
lateral inhibition (inhibit they neighbor)
Stellate cells
Powerfully excite supragranular pyramidal cells
-> Basket / Stellate cells
Thalamus -> Basket / Stellate cells
Supragranular layers
Layers 1 - 3
Upper cortical layers near surface
Local processing layers of cortex
Major source of fibers connecting hemisphers through corpus callosum
Infragranular layers
Deepest cortical layers
Fat cell bodies of infragranular pyramidal cells
Input from supragranular pyramidal cells
Apical dendrites (sending) project to cortical surface
Output layer
Cortical cascade
stellate (4) -> pyramidal (1-3) -> pyramidal (5-6) -->
basket (4) -> pyramidal (1-3 & 5-6).
P1
excitatory
local processing in supergranular layer
glutamate
N1
excitatory
infragranular layer
termination of local processing and output stage to other areas of cortex
glutamate
P2
GABAa
fast inhibition
ionotropic
N2
GABAb
slow inhibition
metabotropic
Astrocytes
Can control blood flow, capillary diameter
Microglia
encapsulate / dissolve invaders of blood-brain barrier
could be related to PTE, PTSD, ASD
Na-K pump
Removes 3 Na+ Adds 2 K+
Results in more charge outside than inside, like charging a battery
Cl pump
doesn't exist
Glia permeability
K+ but not Na+
Electrical pressure
Like charges repel
Makes ions want to leave the cell