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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
P1
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Supergranular cortex
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N1
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- Output processing
- Infragranular cortex |
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Epilepsy
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- Glia buffering K+
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Glia
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- Astrocytes (star-shaped glial cell)
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Microglia
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- Encapsulate / dissolve intruders of blood-brain barrier
- Excrete cytokines and <anti>-inflammatory substances - Could be related to PTSD, PTE, ASD |
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PTE
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Post-traumatic epilepsy
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Spinal cord nuclei
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- Cuneate, gracile
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Gracile fasciculus
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- Spinal cord nucleus that carries sensory information up to the spinal cord
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Cuneate Fasiculus
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- Spinal cord nucleus that carries sensory information from the arms primarily
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Charge separation
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Potential energy -> Volts
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Charge flow
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Current, amps
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Na-K pump
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Removes 3 Na+ ions, brings in 2 K+ ions. Like charging a battery.
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Cl- pump
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Doesn't exist
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Electrical pressure
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Like charges repel. Makes ions want to leave cell
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Chemical pressure
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Diffusion; like ions want to spread out evenly
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Glia ion permeability
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K+ yes, Na+ no
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Nernst equation
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equilibrium potential ~= ion outside cell / ion inside cell
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Permeability
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Conductance
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Net Driving Force
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Nernst equation
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Goldman equation
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vM = chemical pressure * resting permeability
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CAT scan
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Structure no function
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MRI
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Structure and function. 10 micron spatial resolution
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fMRI
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Excellent spatial resolution, poor temporal resolution
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PET scan
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Inject / inhale positron emitting isotope
Collision of positron with electron = 2 gamma rays at 180 degrees Good spatial resolution, poor temporal resolution |
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EEG
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excellent temporal resolution, poor spatial resolution
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MEG
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Excellent spatiotemporal resolution (< 1ms, ~1mm)
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ECoG
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Invasive - measures electrical potential on surface of brain
May also involve stimulation Excellent spatiotemporal resolution |
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SEEG
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Stereotaxic electrocorticography
Measurement using implanted fine wire electrodes. Excellent spatiotemporal resolution (<1 ms, ~10 micrometers) |
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Nissel stain
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cell body
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Myelin stain
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cell processes
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HRP
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Horse Radish Peroxidase
Retrograde transport to cell bodies Shows structure |
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2DG
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2-deoxyglucose
Accumulates in active cells Excellent spatial resolution (10 micrometers) Poor temporal resolution |
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Below the neck coordinate terminology
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dorsal / ventral
rostral / caudal medial / lateral |
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Above the neck
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superior / inferior
anterior / posterior medial / lateral |
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Forebrain
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Telencephalon, Diencephalon
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Telencephalon
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Cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia
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Diencephalon
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Thalamus, hypothalamus
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Midbrain
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Mesencephalon - tectum, tegmentum
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Mesencephalon
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Tectum, tegmentum
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Hindbrain
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Metencephalon, Mycencephalon
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Metencephalon
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Pons, cerebellum
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Myencephalon
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Medulla
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Uncus
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External landmark above the amygdala
External extremity of parahippocampal gyrus Smell |
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Cerebral Peduncles
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Descending motor output from cortex
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Pons
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Lateral tracks to cerebellum
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Cingulate Gyrus
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Part of the Limbic System
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Rhinencephalon
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"nose brain"
Part of telencephalon Part of Limbic System Interactions between smell / emotion / memory / cognition Uncus / parahippocampal gyrus / Cingulate gyrus |
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Fornix
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Connects hippocampus to mammillary bodies
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Mammothalamic tract
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Connects mamms to antherior thalamic nucleus
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Papez loop
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Amyg -> Hipp -> Forn -> Mamms -> Ant. Thal. Nuc. -> Cing -> Cort -> Parahip -> Amyg+Hip
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Internal capsule
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Separates lentiform nucleus from thalamus
Carries major descending fibers to/from cortex |
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Pulvinar
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In /out : Temporal / parietal / occipital
Sensory integration |
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MGB
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In: Acoustic path
Out: Auditory cortex |
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LGB
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In: Optic nerve
Out: Visual cortex |
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VPL
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In: Somatosensory below neck
Out: Somatosensory strip |
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VPM
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In: Somatosensory above neck
Out: Somatosensory strip |
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VI
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In: Cerebellum
Out: M1 |
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VL
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In: Cerebellum
Out: M1 |
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VA
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In: Globus Pallidus
Out: Premotor Cortex |
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LD
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In: Cingulate
Out: Cingulate Emotion |
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LP
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In: Parietal
Out: Parietal Sensory integration |
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Anterior Nuclei Thalamus
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In: Mamms
Out: Cingulate |
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MD
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In: Amygdala, Hypothalamus
Out: Prefrontal Limbic |
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Midline & Intralaminar Nuclei of Thalamus
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In: Reticular formation
Out: Cortex Modulate cortical excitability |
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Reticular Nucleus
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In: All thalamic projection nuclei
Out: All thalamic projection nuclei Modulate thalamocortical circuits |
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Hypothalamus
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Medial -> Satiety
Lateral -> Hunger Anterior -> Parasympathetic Posterior -> Sympathetic |
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Tectum
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Superior + Inferior colliculi
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Tegmentum
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Periaquaductal grey matter
Reticular activating system Red Nuclei |
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Periaquaductal grey matter
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Pain modulation
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Mesencephalon
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Tectum, Tegmentum
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Metencephalon
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Pons
Cerebellum |
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Myencephalon
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Medulla Oblongata
Pyramids Cuneate, Gracile nuclei |
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Cuneate and Gracile Nuclei
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Relay of somatosensory info to VPL
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C1
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Olfactory
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C2
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Optic
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C3
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Oculomotor
all eye muscles except C4/C6 Ciliary, iris, sphincter |
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C4
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Trochlear
To superior oblique The trochlear nerve (the fourth cranial nerve, also called the fourth nerve, IV) is a motor nerve (a “somatic efferent” nerve) that innervates a single muscle: the superior oblique muscle of the eye. |
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C5
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Trigeminal
Fm face, sinuses, teeth To muscles of mastication |
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C6
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Abducens
To lateral rectus The abducens nerve or abducent nerve (the sixth cranial nerve, also called the sixth nerve or simply VI) is a somatic efferent nerve that controls the movement of a single muscle, the lateral rectus muscle of the eye, in humans. |
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C7
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Facial
To: muscles of face, nervus intermdius Fm: anterior tongue, soft palate |
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C8
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Vestibulocochlear
Fm: Cochlear, Vestibular |
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C9
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Glossopharyngeal
To: stylopharngeus, pharyngeal musculature Fm: posterior tongue, tonsil, pharynx, middle ear |
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C10
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Vagus
To: pharynx, heart, lungs, bronchi, GI tract Fm: heart, lungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, GI tract, external ear |
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C11
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Accessory
To: sternocleidomastoid, trapezius |
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C12
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Hypoglossal
Tongue muscles |
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CSF
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Manufactured in Choroid Plexus of ventricles
protein, glucose, K+, NaCl, H2O Half quart per day, turnover 6-7 hours |
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First and second ventricles
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Lateral ventricles
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Third ventricle
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Between the hemispheres of the thalamus
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Fourth ventricle
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Just ventral of cerebellum
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Ventricle functions
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Cushion / bouyancy
Needed space during swelling Nutritive function Removes waste products |
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Spinal column
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is to spinal cord as skull is to brain
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Spinal cord segments
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Cervical - 7
Throacic - 12 Sacral - 5 Coccyx - 4 |
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Spinal cord afferent / efferent
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Afferent - dorsal root - Fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus
Efferent - ventral root - Lateral corticospinal tract |
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Propriospinal tract
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Carries information between segments of spinal cord
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Sympathetic ganglion
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Spinal cord - delivers information to body about stress and impending danger
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Downward continuation of medulla
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Spinal cord
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Cervical and lumbar enlargement
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Increased processing load for upper and lower limbs
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Spinal cord governs
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All reflexes of the body
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Head ganglion of the ANS
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Hypothalamus
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Parasympathetic
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Craniosacral hypothalamus
Feeding and fucking |
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Sympathetic
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Thoracocolumbar hypothalamus
Fight or flight |
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PAG ->
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Periaquaductal grey -> rostroventral medulla -> spinal cord
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Thal +>
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Thalamus +> Reticular Nucleus +> Cortex +> Reticular Nucleus -> Thalamus
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Interoceptive cortex
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Insula - Fifth lobe
Inside Operculum |
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Fornix
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Connects hippocampus to mamms
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Mamms
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Mammillary bodies, part of hypothalamus (autonomic)
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Mammothalamic tract
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Connects mamms to anterior thalamic nucleus
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Lentiform nucleus
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Globus pallidus (medial)
Putamen (lateral) |
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Cuneate and Gracile NUCLEI
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Relay somatosensory info to VPL
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Tegmentum ->
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Interlaminar nuclei of thalamus
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Granular Layer
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Layer 4
Input Basket and stellate cells |
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Basket cells
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lateral inhibition (inhibit they neighbor)
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Stellate cells
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Powerfully excite supragranular pyramidal cells
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-> Basket / Stellate cells
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Thalamus -> Basket / Stellate cells
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Supragranular layers
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Layers 1 - 3
Upper cortical layers near surface Local processing layers of cortex Major source of fibers connecting hemisphers through corpus callosum |
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Infragranular layers
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Deepest cortical layers
Fat cell bodies of infragranular pyramidal cells Input from supragranular pyramidal cells Apical dendrites (sending) project to cortical surface Output layer |
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Cortical cascade
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stellate (4) -> pyramidal (1-3) -> pyramidal (5-6) -->
basket (4) -> pyramidal (1-3 & 5-6). |
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P1
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excitatory
local processing in supergranular layer glutamate |
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N1
|
excitatory
infragranular layer termination of local processing and output stage to other areas of cortex glutamate |
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P2
|
GABAa
fast inhibition ionotropic |
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N2
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GABAb
slow inhibition metabotropic |
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Astrocytes
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Can control blood flow, capillary diameter
|
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Microglia
|
encapsulate / dissolve invaders of blood-brain barrier
could be related to PTE, PTSD, ASD |
|
Na-K pump
|
Removes 3 Na+ Adds 2 K+
Results in more charge outside than inside, like charging a battery |
|
Cl pump
|
doesn't exist
|
|
Glia permeability
|
K+ but not Na+
|
|
Electrical pressure
|
Like charges repel
Makes ions want to leave the cell |