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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Inability to convert short-term into lon-term memory is associated with damage to:
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the hippocampus
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Area of the brain responsible for expressive speech:
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Broca's area
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Which brain structure servesas the relay station for sensory info from all sensory modalities except olfaction?
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The thalamus (olfactory info goes straight to the cortex)
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The ARAS (Ascending Reticular Activating System) produces its effects on motivation by:
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providing diffuse facilitation to the entire cortex
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Long term potentiation is associated with:
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learning and memory (observed in the hippocampal neurons)
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Studies on the effectiveness of SSRI's on treating eating disorders has shown:
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Serotonin may be an etiological factor in both disorders, and thus SSRI's can be an effective treatment component
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Wernicke's aphasia:
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Receptive - affects comprehension
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Broca's aphasia:
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Expressive - difficulty expressing language
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In terms of brain structures, Broca's aphasia is to Wernicke's apahasia as:
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The frontal lobe is to the temporal lobe.
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Which neurotransmitter is most associated with Tourette's disorder?
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Dopamine
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A patient taking clozapine with symptoms of muscle rigidity, tachycardia, sweating, hyperthermia, and altered consciousness:
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Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
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Research on the impact of radiation and chemo on children's cognitive abilities has shown:
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Deficits associtaed with both procedures
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Risk factors for Vascular dementia include:
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Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease
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Apraxia is a:
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inability to execute purposeful movements
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Akathesia is:
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Motor restlessness
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Ataxia is:
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Incoordination, often with slurred speech
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The basal ganglia:
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codes and relays information asscoiated with the control of voluntary movement
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Hydrocephalus is associated with:
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the ventricles (occurs when flow of cerebrospinal fluid is blocked)
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Elderly sleep patterns differ in that they:
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Have increased non-REM sleep in stages 1 & 2, and decreased absolute amounts of REM
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Patients with Schizophrenia are likely to have an enlarged:
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Lateral and third ventricles
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Explicit memory is mediated by the:
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hippocampus, medial thalamus, and prefrontal cortex
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Implicit memory is mediated by the:
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Basal ganglia, ventral thalamus, and premotor cortex
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As a treatment for mania, the anticonvulsant carbamazepine:
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May be more effective than lithium for dysphoric (rapid cycling) mania
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Long term effects of Tardive Dyskinesia are:
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Irreversible in about 50%, but other half show gradual improvement
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Some atypical antipsychoticslike clozapine, exert their effects by restoring the balanc between:
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dopamine & norepinephrine/and or serotonin
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Symptoms of memory impairment, faulty judgement, & impaired concentration, would most likely result from lesions to the:
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Temporal lobe
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Agnosia refers to:
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loss of ability to recognize various non-language types of stimulation
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Withdrawing a neuroleptic from a patient with TD, will result in:
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possible increase in symptoms, but followed by a decrease in symptoms
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Clomipramine, an antidepressent that increase availbility of serotonin, also affects OCD by:
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reducing obsessive-compulsive symptoms
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An MRI of a patient in the early phases Huntigtons disease would indicate:
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reduced volume of the basal ganglia
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Intial symptoms of Huntington's disease include:
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Depression, anxiety, and/or irritability (followed by moor & cognitive symptoms)
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Long-term potentiation was intially observed in the cells of the
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Hippocampus
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Following a stroke, a patient exhibits right hemiplegia. Other symptoms include:
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speech-language deficits & slow-cautious behavior style
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Clonidines side effects include:
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dry mouth, headache, hypotension, sedation & dizziness
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Patient who has tremors due to lithium should:
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Lower the dose or be administered Propranolol (a beta-blocker)
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For sex-role determinants, the characteristic that is most related to genetics is:
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aggression
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Males low on adrogyny...
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adhere more rigidly to sex sterotypic behaviors (tend to be less happy, content adjusted)
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Hemiplegia
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paralysis in an arm and leg on one side of the body
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Parasthesia
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abnormal sensations such as numbness, tingling or burning (due to damage of spinal cord)
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Salatory Conduction
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Conduction in axons with myelin
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Acetycholine
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Causes muscles to contract. Deficits = impairments in voluntary movement
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Catecholamines
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(inlcude norepinephrine, epinephrine, & dopamine)
Associated with personality, mood & drive states Lack is associated with depression, while exxcess with schizophrenia |
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GABA
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most common inhibitory neurotransmitter - causes depressing effect
Deficits are associated with Huntington |
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Glutamate
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Major excitatory neurotransmitter
Found in hippocampus & plays role in memory |
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Pons
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Connects 2 halves of cerebellum. Regulates arousal.
Maintains slow-wave sleep |
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Substantia Nigra
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Controls aspects of movement
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Reticular Formation
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Sleep, arousal & attention. Touch & pain sensation. Control of reflexes
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Hypothalamus
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Homeostasis, temperture, metabolism, appetite, sleep. Involved with strong feelings, hunger, thirst & sex
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Thalamus
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Central switching station for all sensory info except olfaction.
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Limbic System
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Mediates emotional component of behavior. Consists of Amygdala, septum & hippocampus
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Amygdala
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Directs emotional behavior, attaches emotional signifigance to info. Mediates defensive/aggressive behavior
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Septum
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Inhibits emotionality & pleasure center (damage to causes hyper-emotionality & rage)
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Hippocampus
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Memory consolidation (STM to LTM)
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Frontal Lobe
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Motor behavior, expressive language, higher-level cognitive processes, orientation to time & place
Damge can cause "frontal lobe personality (depressive or psychopathic syndrome) |
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Temporal Lobe
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Receptive language, memory, & emotion. Contains the primary auditory cortex
Damage = auditoay agnosia, deficits in attention |
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Parietal Lobe
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Primary somatosensory cortex and processes touch-pressure, pain & temperature.
Damage = insensitivity to touch, disruption of movement, tactile agnosia, impaired spatial orientation, |
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Gertsmann's Syndrome
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lesions in parietal lobe. Characterized by agraphia, right-left confusion, & finger agnosia
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Occipital Lobe
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Visual cortex. Destruction = contralateral blindness, damage = image distortion, blind spots, depth perception problems & visual agnosia
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Cannon-Bard Theory
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Arousal accompanies emotional feeling rather than causes it
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ADHD is implicated in functioning in the:
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frontal lobe
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"Satisfaction center" of the brain:
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Cingulate gyrus (mediates feelings following sex & eating)
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Predictors of adjustment following aphasia:
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1)Being left-handed
2)Younger age 3)Less severity 4)Recovery during first 3 months |
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Brain part that manages the circadian rhythm:
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus (within the hypothalamus)
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Trycyclic antidepressents are most effective for:
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Relieving vegatative symptoms (appetite, sleep, motor disturbances)
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Korsakoff's syndrome is due to:
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thiamine deficinecy
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome:
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caused by damage to amygdala, causing reduced fear and aggression
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Indifference and euphoria related to which brain area?
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Typical symptoms of orbitofrontal damage reflect
socio-emotional rather than cognitive changes and may be summarized as: INDIFFERENCE, poor judgment, lack of foresight, unreliability, facetiousness, EUPHORIA, emotional shallowness, childish behaviour, disinhibition, and irritability |
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If person has MVA and trouble with work duties (but nothing
extreme--more higher-order stuff), what area is most likely to show damage on EEG? |
Frontal lobe
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Medication of choice for prophylactic treatment of panic disorder:
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Anti-depressents (SSRI's & trycyclics)
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Parkinson's is due to loss of cell in the:
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Substantia nigra (which is part of the basal ganglia) which in turn affects the thalamus & cortex. Symptoms can be temporarily alleviated by L-Dopa
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ACTH
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Controls the release of cortisol
Under-secretion = Addison's disease (fatigue, fainting, depression, weight loss) Over-secretion = Cushing's Disease (obesity, memory loss, depression, somatic delusions) |
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Hypothyroidism
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Under-secretion of thyroxine (slowed metabolism, wight gain, lowered heart rate, depression & cognitive impairment)
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Hyperthyroidism
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Over-secretion of thyroxine (elevated body temperature, weight loss, tachycardia, agitation, mania, reduced attention span)
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Auditory localization
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Emerges at birth, declines between months 1-4, reemerges at 4-5 and by 12 is fully developed
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Absolute threshold
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intensity at which a stimulus is detected 50% of the time (Fechner)
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Dysarthia
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Involves problems in articulation due to lesions or disease that disrupts the control of speech (Symptom of Parkinson's, Huntingtons, & MS)
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Visual Agnosia
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Aperceptive agnosia = cannot recognize objects by sight, but can when placed in hand
Associative = cannot name an object, but can describe how it is used |
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Location of brain tumors for children & adults:
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Children - brainstem & cerebellum
Adults - cerebral cortex |
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Stroke recovery
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About 10% fully recover
Most recovery in first 6 months Physical symptoms improve more than cognitive ones |
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Best predictor of recovery from closed head injury:
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Duration of the anterograde amnesia
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Huntington's Chorea
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After intial symptoms of depression, forgetfulness, personality changes, & motor symptoms manifest. Finally slow & jerky movements, dementia
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Uses of Lithium
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1)Bipolar disorder
2)Schizophrenia 3)Intermittent explosive disorder 4)Binge drinking |
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Benzo's are used for
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1)Anxiety (GAD)
2)Insomnia 3)Svere alcohol withdrawal 4)Petit mal epilepsy |
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Side effects of Benzo's
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Sedation, weight gain, apathy, GI distress, paradoxical excitation, sexual dysfunction, anterograde amnesia (for Ativan IV)
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Drug of choice for suicide
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Barbiturates (fatally suppress respiration)
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Beta blockers are particularly useful for treating:
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Anxiety related to public speaking
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Frequent side effect of benzos in the elderly:
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Confusion & disorientation
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Which deficits are associated with left and right hemispheric brain damage, respectively?
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Left: speech-language deficits and slow-cautious behavioral style
Right: spatial-perceptual deficits and quick-impulsive behavior style |
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Describe Hypoglycemia in terms of the psychiatric symptoms it mirrors?
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In Acute phase, it looks like Panic Disorder (anxiety, panic). In Chronic phase, these are replaced with depression, psychosis, and /or personality change
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Anosognosia
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deficit in self-awareness (cauaed by damage to
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What percentage of patients with Parkinson's who are depressed, had the depression preced the other symptoms?
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About 50%
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Which neurotransmitters have been linked to Social Phobia?
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Srotonin & dopamine
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Split-brain patients have duifficlty with which functions?
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Sensory
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Area of the brain in which damage causes apathy/indifference?
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Frontal lobe
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Beta waves are present during
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Alert activity
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Side effects of Ritalin:
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Loss of appetite, abdoiminal pain, insomnia, & tachycardia
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Gate Control Theory of Pain
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Pain gate to brain is either open or closed - positive feelings tend to close the gate while negative ones tend to open the gate
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