N-Neurophys & Neuroanatomy 1

Front 1

When we are vigilant, input from the _______ helps generate the beta rhythm.

Back 1

During vigilance, input from the reticular activating system helps generate the beta rhythm.

Front 2

Which structure is crucial to emotional intelligence because it sensitizes us to the social consequences of our own actions and helps us understand the feelings of others?

Back 2

The orbitofrontal cortex appears to play a critical role in emotional intelligence. This frontal lobe region may sensitize us to the social consequences of our own actions and helps us understand the feelings of others.

Front 3

Which process best explains the persistence of neurofeedback training effects in ADHD?

Back 3

The phenomenon of long–term potentiation, where synaptic efficiency increases due to activation, has been proposed as an explanation for why neurofeedback training effects persist in ADHD patients.

Front 4

Which brain structure functions most like a thermostat?

Back 4

The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis like a thermostat. The hypothalamus monitors both the internal and external environments, and orders life–preserving adjustments by the autonomic, endocrine, immune, and somatic systems.

Front 5

Most sensory input to the cerebral cortex is filtered and distributed by the

Back 5

The thalamus provides most of the cerebral cortex's sensory input. Olfaction is the major exception to this rule.

Front 6

The withdrawal of sensorimotor input to the thalamus increases ______ activity.

Back 6

Withdrawal of sensorimotor input to the thalamus increases SMR activity.

Front 7

An axon hillock must typically become ______ more positive than at rest to trigger an action potential.

Back 7

An axon hillock must typically become 20 mV more positive than at rest to reach the threshold of excitation and trigger an action potential.

Front 8

Postsynaptic potentials are mainly integrated at the

Back 8

The axon hillock is the primary site where postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs) are summed to determine whether to initiate an action potential.

Front 9

The fight–or–flight response is organized by the _______.

Back 9

The hypothalamus organizes a fight–or–flight response after the amygdala decides that we are being threatened.

Front 10

Which is the noradrenergic pathway responsible for vigilance?

Back 10

The noradrenergic locus coeruleus system is the part of the reticular formation that is specialized for vigilance.

Front 11

_______ neurons in the brain stem generate thalamic alpha rhythms.

Back 11

Brain stem cholinergic neurons generate thalamic alpha rhythms.

Front 12

A sodium–potassium transporter returns a neuron to its resting voltage following an action potential by _________

Back 12

A sodium–potassium transporter returns a neuron to its resting voltage following an action potential. Sodium–potassium transporters exchange 2 potassium ions for every 3 sodium ions expelled from a neuron. This allows a neuron to initiate future action potentials.

Front 13

According to the central timing hypothesis alpha frequency determines

Back 13

Information Processing Speed. The central timing hypothesis" proposes that stimuli are processed at discrete intervals and that alpha frequency determines the processing speed. Faster alpha frequencies allow more rapid information processing and prevent processing slowdown as our neural networks enlarge with maturation."

Front 14

Sterman (1994) proposed that _______ systems mainly influence thalamic generation of field potentials recorded from the scalp.

Back 14

Sterman proposed that vigilance, sensorimotor integration, and cognitive integration systems influence thalamic generation of field potentials.

Front 15

Increased firing in the _______ produces cortical activation.

Back 15

Increased firing by both the dorsal lateral tegmental nucleus and the nucleus basalis produces cortical activation

Front 16

Neurotransmitters are primarily inactivated by

Back 16

Reuptake is the primary mechanism that inactivates neurotransmitters. Transporter molecules accomplish this by returning the neurotransmitter to the terminal button.

Front 17

Which describes the EEG beta rhythm?

Back 17

The EEG beta rhythm is a desynchronous waveform. Since large populations of neurons do not fire in step during beta activity, signal amplitude is low.

Front 18

Which structure may help activate behavior and focus attention?

Back 18

The cingulate gyrus may help activate behavior and focus attention. This structure appears to be overactive in OCD where a patient cannot disengage from an obsession or compulsion.

Front 19

Which triggers the movement of synaptic vesicles to the release zone of an axon terminal button?

Back 19

When an action potential depolarizes an axon's terminal button, this opens voltage–gated calcium ion channels. Calcium entry into the terminal button causes vesicle movement toward the release zone. There the vesicle fuses with the presynaptic membrane and expels its contents.

Front 20

When neurons depolarize _______. This makes the neurons more _______ inside.

Back 20

Neurons depolarize by opening sodium ion channels. The entry of positive sodium ions makes the membrane potential more positive than at rest.