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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
True or false: Neuromuscular blockers cross the BBB to act centrally.
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False.
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True or false: Succinylcholine is a muscular nicotinic receptor agonist.
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True.
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Describe what is meant with a biphasic (phase II) block ?
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After repeated doses of a depolarizing neuromuscular blocker, the receptors become inactive and a prolonged muscular block is created.
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Describe the nature and sequence of events after the administration of a depolarizing neuromuscular blocker.
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1. Firstly depolarization with muscle fasiculations
2. Fast occurrence of effect and short duration of action 3. Anticholinesterases prolong the block 4. Repeated doses = tachyphylaxis |
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True or false: Some people have an inborn pseudocholinesterase that shortens the duration of a depolarising neuromuscular blocker.
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False. It prolongs the block.
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True or false: Tubocurarine is a muscular nicotinic receptor agonist.
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False. It is an antagonist at the muscular nicotinic receptor.
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Describe the nature and sequence of events after the administration of a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker.
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1. Competitive antagonism
2. Slow onset but long duration of action 3. Anticholinesterases will stop the blockade 4. Tachyphylaxis does not develop |
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True or false: Alkalizing the urine increases the rate of excretion of Asprin.
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True.
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What is the mechanism of action of Asprin ?
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It inhibits COX 1 and 2 enzymes from synthesizing prostoglandins.
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What are the adverse effects of using Asprin ?
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1. Bronchoconstriction
2. Increased bleeding time 3. GIT disturbances 4. Peptic ulcers 5. Uricosuric effect 6. Precipitate cardiac failure 7. Hypersensitivity |
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What is the real name of 'Oil of Wintergreen' ?
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Methyl salicylate.
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Which salicylate has keratolytic properties ?
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Salicylate.
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What are the pharmacological effects of Paracetamol ?
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1. Analgesic
2. Antipyretic |
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What is the theoretical mechanisms of action of Paracetamol ?
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1. Inhibition of COX 3 enzyme in hypothalamus
2. AM404 blocks cannabinoid receptors inhibitng anandamide uptake |
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What happens to a patient with a Paracetamol overdose ?
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1. Hepatic necrosis
2. Renal tubular necrosis |
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List the drugs that are classified as other NSAIDS.
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1. Dicolfenac
2. Ibuprofen 3. Mefanamic acid (Haemolytic anaemia) 4. Indomethacin (potent COX 2 inhibitor) 5. Piroxicam and Meloxicam (selective COX 2 inhibitor) |
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What are the uses of morphine ?
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1. Analgesic
2. Relief of anxiety 3. Control diarrhoea 4. Cough suppression |
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Which opiod analgesic is usually used in combination with NSAID and Paracetamol ?
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Codeine.
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True or false: Naloxone is an antagonist on Mu, Kappa and Delta receptors.
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True.
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True or false: Morphine is an agonist on Mu, Kappa and Delta receptors.
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False. It is only an agonist on Mu and Kappa receptors.
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What is the mechanism of action of local anesthetics ?
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The lipophilic end of the molecule penetrates the nerve axon. Inside the axon it gets protonated, consequently it binds to the Na+ channels and prevents h-gates from opening. Therefore a action potential cannot be created.
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Which are the most common vasoconstrictors used with local anesthetics ?
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1. Adrenaline
2. Noradrenaline 3. Felipressin |
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What are the adverse effects for using local anesthetics ?
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1. Decreased excitability, rate of transmission and cardiac power
2. Central stimulation |
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List the ester local anesthetics.
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1. Cocaine
2. Procaine 3. Bensocaine 4. Oxybuprocaine |
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True or false: All the ester local anesthetics have a short duration of action.
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True.
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What are the uses for Bensocaine ?
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Surface anesthesia for the throat and skin.
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What are the uses for Oxybuprocaine ?
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Surface anesthesia used in ophthalmology.
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List the amide local anesthetics.
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1. Lignocaine
2. Lidocaine 3. Mepivacaine 4. Karbocaine 5. Bupivacaine |
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Which local anesthetic has a long duration of action ?
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Bupivacaine.
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Which local anesthetics are used in dentistry ?
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1. Mepivacaine
2. Karbocaine |
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Which local anesthetics has antidysrhythmic properties ?
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1. Lignocaine
2. Lidocaine |
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Which local anesthetic blocks presynaptic uptake of noradrenaline and peripheral vasoconstriction?
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Cocaine.
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