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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Central Nervous System
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Brain and Spinal Cord
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Network of nerves (and their ganglia) throughout the body (excluding brain and spinal cord)
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Controls involuntary actions. Consists of three divisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric.
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Prepares you for action. 4 Fs: Fight, Flight, Fright, Fornication
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Conserves energy. Relaxation, reduced heart rate, increased energy stores, etc.SLUD: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation.
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Enteric Nervous System
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Supports digestion. Layers of neurons (80-100 mill) about as many as in spinal cord. Brain like. Runs with little input from the other nervous system divisions.
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Blood Brain Barrier
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A specialization of the walls of brain capillaries that limits the movement of blood borne substances into the extracellular fluid of the brain.
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Meninges
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(sing: meninx) Three membranes that cover the surface of the central nervous system: the dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater.
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Cell membranes
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separates the intracellular and the extracellular
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Neurons
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the information-processing cell of the nervous system; also called nerve cell. Most neurons use action potentials to send signals over a distance, and all neurons communicate with one another using synaptic transmission.
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Dendrites
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A neurite specialized to receive synaptic inputs from other neurons.
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Dendritic spines
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A small sac of membrane that protrudes from the dendrites of some cells and receives synaptic input.
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Soma
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Cell body; the central region of the neuron containing the nucleus.
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Axons
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A neurite specialized to conduct nerve impulses, or action potentials, normally away from the soma.
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Synapse
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The region of contact where a neuron transfers information to another cell
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Receptors
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A specialized protein that detects chemical signals, such as neurotransmitters, and initiates a cellular response.
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Transporters
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Membrane proteins that transport neurotransmitters, or their precursors, across membranes to concentrate them in either presynaptic cytosol or synaptic vesicles.
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Ion channels
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Membrane-spanning protein that forms a pore that allows the passage of ions from one side of the membrane to the other.
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Enzymes
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.
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Transcription
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The process of synthesizing a messenger RNA molecule according to genetic instructions encoded in the DNA
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Translation
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The process of synthesizing a protein molecule according to genetic instructions carried by a messenger RNA molecule.
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Glial cells
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Support cell in the nervous system (structural support, insulation, debris removal, development). Outnumber neurons 10:1
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Astrocytes
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Glial cells in the brain that support neurons and reulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment. form the blood brain barrier
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Oligodendrocytes
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Glial cells of the CNS, provide myelin
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Schwann cells
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glial cell that provides myelin for the PNS
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Microglia
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Glial cells that remove debris
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Myelin
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Membranous wrapping, or sheath, around axons provided by oligodendroglia in the central nervous system and shwann cells in the peripheral nervous system.
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Sensory neurons
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Receive information, translate energy in the environment into electricity
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Interneurons
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Organized in networks that process information transforming in ways that permit perception, cognition, etc.
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Motor neurons
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Send electrical messages from PNS to CNS to provoke behavior
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Resting potential
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voltage across the membrane at rest. (Voltage of inside w/ respect to outside)
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Sodium potassium pump
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Maintains the concentration gradient by pushing 3Na and 2K across the membrane against the concentration gradient
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Nongated sodium channel
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Always open, lets Na pass through the membrane along the concentration gradient until Ena
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Nongated potassium channel
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Always open, lets K pass through the membrane along the concentration gradient until Ek
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Electrical force
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Opposites attract, like charges repel
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Concentration gradient force
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High concentration moves to low concentration
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Depolarization
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A change in membrane potential taking it from the resting potential to a less negative value
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Hyperpolarization
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A change in membrane potential taking it from the resting potential to a more negative value
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Electric current
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Movement of charged ions, the "language" of neurons
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Action potential
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How electrical messages are transmitted inside neuron. A rapid change in potential difference across neuronal membrane, caused by movements of ions.
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Voltage gated sodium channel
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Activated when membrane potential crosses threshold.
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Voltage gated potassium channel
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Propagation of the action potential
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Concentration gradient and electrical forces moving sodium along the neuron, depolarizing and setting off further action potentials
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