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240 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What neural cell derives from mesoderm?
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Microglia
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What neural cells derive from nerual crest?
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Schwann cells, PNS neurons
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What is a marker for Astrocytes?
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GFAP
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What cell maintains the blood-brain barrier?
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Astrocytes
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How does HIV change microglia?
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Makes the fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in the CNS
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What is the predominant cell type of glial cell in white matter?
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Oligodendroglia
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What cells are destroyed in multiple sclerosis?
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Oligodendroglia
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What cells are destroyed in Guillain-Barre?
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Schwann cells
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What is function of Schwann cells?
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Myelinate only 1 PNS axon
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What are the types of free nerve endings? Where are they located? What do they sense?
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C - slow, unmyelinated. Alphadelta - fast, myelinated.
All skin, epidermis, some viscera. Sense pain and temperature |
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What do Meissner's corpuscles do? where?
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Large, myelinated fibers.
On hairless skin. Do position sense, dynamic fine touch Fast adapt |
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What do pacinian corpuscles do?
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Large myelinated fibers.
Deep skin layers, ligaments and joints. Sense vibration and pressure. |
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What do Merkel's disks do?
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On hair follicles. Sense position, static touch. Adapt slowly.
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What is the function of perineurium?
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Permeability barrier around a fascicle. Needs to be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment
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How does NE change with disease? Where is it made?
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Increased in anxiety. Decreased in depression. Made in locus ceruleus
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How does Dopamine change with disease? Where is it made?
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Increase in schizophrenia. Decreased in Parkinson's and depression.
Made in ventral tegmentum and SNc |
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How does 5-HT change with disease? Where is it made?
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Decreased in anxiety and depression. Made in raphe nucleus.
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How does ACh change with disease? Where is it made?
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Decreased in Alzheimer's, Huntington's, REM sleep.
Made in basal nucleus of Meynert |
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Where is GABA made? Change with disease?
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Nucleus accumbens.
Decreases in Huntington's. Decreased in anxiety. |
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What substances can cross the BBB rapidly via diffusion?
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Nonpolar/lipid-soluble substances
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What parts of the brain don't have BBB function?
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Area postrema - vomiting after chemo
OVLT - osmotic sensing |
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Supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus makes?
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ADH
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Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus makes?
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oxytocin
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Lateral and ventromedial areas of hypothalamus?
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Lateral - inhibited by leptin. Controls hunger. Ablated - get thin.
Ventromedial - stimulated by leptin. Controls satiety. Ablated - put on weight. |
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Anterior hypothalamus controls?
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Cooling, parasympathetic
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Posterior hypothalamus controls?
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Heating. Sympathetic
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus controls?
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Sleep/circadian rhythm
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Function of thalamus?
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Relay for ascending sensory information to cortex
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Function of Lateral Geniculate Nucleus?
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Thalamus. Does Vision from optic radiations to occipital cortex.
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Function of Medial geniculate nucleus?
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Thalamus. Auditory
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Function of Ventral posterior nucleus, Lateral? Medial
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Lateral - thalamus - body sensation
Medial - face (CN V) |
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Function of ventral anterior/lateral nuclei?
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Thalamus. Motor
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Structures composing the limbic system?
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cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, fornix, mammillary bodies
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What are the inputs and outputs of cerebellum?
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Middle cerebellar peduncle - Contralateral cortical input
Inferior cerebellar peduncle - ipsilateral proprioceptive information Superior cerebellar peduncle - OUTPUT contralateral cortex |
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Nerves in the cerebellum?
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Input = mossy and climbing
Output - Purkinje to deep nuclei then to superior peduncle |
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Lateral nuclei of cerebellum controls?
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Voluntary movement of extremities
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Medial nuclei of cerebellum control?
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Balance, truncal coordination, ataxia, propensity to fall toward injured side
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Characteristics of Parkinson's Disease?
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Pill rolling tremor, cogwheel rigidity, akinesia, postural instability.
See Lewy bodies (made of alpha-synuclein). Also see depigmentation of substantia nigra pars compacta. |
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Hemiballismus suggests a lesion where?
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Cx of contralateral subthalamic nucleus lesion.
Loss of inhibition of thalamus through globus pallidus |
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Characteristics of Huntington's Disease?
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AD trinucleotide repeat disorder. Chromosome 4. Neuronal death via NMDA-R binding and glutamate toxicity.
Caudate loses ACh and GABA |
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Essential/postural tremor characteristics? Treatment?
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Action tremor. Rx: Beta blockers
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Resting tremor characteristics?
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Parkinson's.
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What is intention tremor characteristic of?
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Cerebellar lesion. Issues with pointing.
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Lesion to bilateral amygdala?
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome. Hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior
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Lesion to Right parietal lobe?
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Spatial neglect
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Lesion to Reticular activating system (midbrain)?
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Reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness
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Lesion to Mamillary bodies?
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Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia. Memory loss, confabulation, personality changes.
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Characteristics of Cerebellar vermis?
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Truncal ataxia, dysarthria
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Characteristics of subthalamic nucleus?
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contralateral hemiballismus
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Characteristics of PPRF?
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eyes look away from lesion
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Characteristics of Frontal eye fields?
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Eyes look toward lesion
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Where is Broca's?
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Inferior frontal gyrus
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Where is Wernicke's?
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Superior temporal gyrus.
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What is conduction aphasia?
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Arcuate fasciculus injured. Can't do repetition.
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What is the most common site for berry aneurysm?
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Bifurcation of the anterior communicating artery. Rupture leads to hemorrhagic stroke/SAH.
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What diseases are associated with berry aneurysms?
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adult PCKD, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan's syndrome
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What are Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms?
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associated with chronic HTN, affects small vessels
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Deficits from anterior spinal artery damage? In medulla
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Medial medullary syndrome.
Contralateral hemiparesis. Medial lemniscus damaged. (lose contralateral proprioception). Ipsilateral paralysis of hypoglossal nerve. |
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Deficits from lateral medullary syndrome? What artery?
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PICA
Contralateral loss of pain and T, ipsilateral dysphagia, hoarseness, lose gag reflex, vertigo, diplopia, nystagmus, vomiting, ipsilateral Horner's, ipsilateral facial pain and T, trigeminal nucleus, ipsilateral ataxia |
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Deficits for lateral inferior pontine syndrome? What artery?
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AICA. Ipsilateral facial paralysis, ipsilateral cochlear nucleus, nystagmus, ipsilateral facial pain and temperature, ipsilateral dystaxia (MCP, ICP)
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Lesion of PCA?
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contralateral homonymous hemianopia. Macular sparing.
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Lesion of MCA?
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Contralateral face and arm paralsyis and sensory loss. Aphasia/neglect depending on side.
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Lesion of ACA?
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Leg-foot area of motor/sensory
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Leasion of posterior communicating artery?
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CNIII palsy
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Lateral striate area lesioned?
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Divisions of MCA. Supplies internal capsule, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus.
Infarct of posterior limb of IC = pure motor hemiparesis |
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Watershed zone lesion?
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Damage in severe hypotension - upper leg/upper arm weakness.
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Basilar artery lesion causes?
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Locked in syndrome. CN III spared.
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Characteristics of epidural hematoma?
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Rupture of MMA. Lucid interval. CN III palsy. Transtentorial herniation. Usu to fracture of temporal bone.
Can cross falx and tentorium. |
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Subdural hematoma characteristics?
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Like crescent. Slow venous bleeding from rupture of bridging veins.
seen in old people, ETOH, shaken baby. Cannot cross falx, tentorium. Gyri preserved. |
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SAH characteristics?
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Worst headache ever. Rupture of an aneursym. Bloody or yellow spinal tap. risk of vasospasm 2-3 d later from blood breakdown products irritating vessels. Treat with Ca Channel blockers
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Causes for hemorrhagic stroke?
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Usu aneursym rupture. Also 2ndary to ischemic stroke following reperfusion.
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Treatment for ischemic stroke?
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tPA within 3 hours
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Most vulnerable areas for ischemic brain damage?
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hippocampus, neocortex, cerebellum, watershed areas
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What are the exits from Fourth Ventricle?
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Foramen of Luschka =lateral
Foramen of Magendie = medial |
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Signs of hydrocephalus?
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Wet, wacky, wobbly.
Incontinent, ataxia, dementia |
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Where does the spinal cord end? Dural sac? Perform lumbar puncture?
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Spinal cord ends at L1-L2. Dural sac ends at S2. Lumbar puncture done at L3-L4 or L4-L5.
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Which spinal tract decussates in the spine?
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Spinothalamic
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Characteristics of polio virus?
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Replicates in oropharynx and small intestine. Kills LMN. flaccid paralysis. CSF - lymphocytic pleocytosis. Dx in virus recovered from stool or throat.
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Cx of Werdnig-Hoffman disease?
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floopy baby.Autosomal recessive. Median age of death 7 months. Kills anterior horn cells.
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ALS characteristics?
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Associated with betel nut ingestion. Superoxide dismutase 1. Kills UMN and LMN.
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What is tabes dorsalis?
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Degeneration of dorsal columns and roots due to tertiary syphilis, resulting in impaired proprioception and locomotor ataxia.
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What are Argyll Robertson pupils?
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Reactive to accomodation but not to light. Seen with tertiary syphilis.
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What is Friedrich's ataxia?
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Frataxin trinucleotide repeat. GAA. Impairment in mito functioning. Staggering, nystagmus, dysarthria, hammer toes.
Die from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. |
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Findings of Brown-Sequard syndrome?
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Ipsilateral UMN findings below level. Ipsilateral loss of sensaton below level. Contralateral loss of pain and temperature below level. Ipsilateral loss of everything at level (LMN too).
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Lesions of spinal cord above T1 present concomitantly with what findings?
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Horner syndrome - ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis.
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What is syringomyelia? Presentation?
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Cape like loss of pain and temperature from pressure on anterior commisure.
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Presentation of Vit B12 neuropathy, vit E deficiency and Friedreich's ataxia?
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Dorsal column demyelination, lateral corticospinal tracts, spinocerebellar tracts. Ataxic gait, hyperreflexia, impaired position and vibration sense.
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How does the muscle spindle work?
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Muscle spindle is parallel with extrafusal fibers --> Muscle stretches and the intrafusals stretch - stimulating Ia afferent --> dorsal horn --> stimulating alpha motor neuron. Contrac reflex muscle.
contrast, GOT is perpendicular to intrafusal muscle --> Ib afferent -> inhibits alpha motor neuron after tension. |
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What is the gamma loop part of the spindle muscle?
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CNS stimulates gamma motor neuron --> contracts intrafusal fiber at central part of muscle spindle increasing sensitivity of reflex arc.
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Where is the achilles reflex?
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S1, S2
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Where is patellar reflex?
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L3, L4
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Where is biceps reflex?
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C5, C6
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Where is triceps reflex?
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C7, C8
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Which cranial nerve exits dorsally and immediately decussates?
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CN IV
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What does superior colliculus control?
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Conjugate VERTICAL gaze
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What does inferior colliculus do?
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Auditory
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What is the pineal gland related with?
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melatonin secretion, circadian rhythms
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What is the only cranial nerve without thalamic relay to cortex?
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Olfactory - CN I
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Is the Cranial nerve sensory, motor or both?
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I - sensory
II - sensory III - motor IV - motor V - both VI - motor VII - both VIII - sensory IX - both X - both XI - motor XII - motor |
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Which Cranial nerves are medially located nuclei?
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III, VI, XII definitely. Motor generally medial.
Lateral = sensory |
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Where are the cranial nuclei located? (midbrain, pons, medulla)
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Midbrain - III, IV
Pons, - V - VIII Medulla - IX - XII |
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What is the reflex arc for cornea?
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V1 afferent - nasociliary branch: levator palpebrae
VII efferent - orbicularis oculi - temporal branch |
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What is the reflex arc for lacrimation?
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Afferent V1
Efferent VII |
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What is the reflex arc for Jaw Jerk?
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Afferent V3
Efferent V3 |
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Reflex arc for pupillary reflex?
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Afferent - II
Efferent - III |
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Reflex arc for gag?
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IX afferent
Efferent X, IX |
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Different vagal nuclei?
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Solitarius - sensory visceral
Ambiguus - Motor - pharynx, layrnx, upper esophagus Dorsal motor nucleus - Parasympathetics |
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CN XII lesion (LMN)?
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Tongue deviates toward lesion
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CN V motor lesion?
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Jaw deviates toward side of lesion.
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CN X lesion?
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Uvula deviates away from lesion.
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Facial UMN lesion?
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Contralateral paralysis of lower face
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Facial LMN lesion?
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Ipsilateral paralysis of entire face
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KLM sounds test?
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K - vagus
L - hypoglossal M - facial |
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What muscles of mastication close the jaw? Open?
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Close - masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid
Open - lateral pterygoid All V3 |
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Muscles with glossus innervated by? Except?
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XII.
Palatoglossus - X |
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Muscles with palat innervated by? Except?
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X
Tensor veli palatini - CN V |
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What do utricle and saccule detect?
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Linear acceleration
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What does semicircular canals detect?
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Angular acceleration. Have ampullae.
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How does sound enter and depolarize?
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Vibrates tympanic membrane --> ossicles --> oval window --> vibrates basilar membrane --> bendings hair cell cilia against tectorial membrane --> hair cell bending against tectorial membrane --> hyper or depolarization of CN VIII
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How does near vision happen?
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Ciliary muscle contracts!
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How does distant vision work?
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Ciliary muscle relaxes
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What absorbs aqueous humor?
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Trabecular meshwork
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Differentiate the two types of glaucoma?
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Open/wide angle - obstructed outflow - canal of Schlemm. painless. With age.
closed/narrow angle - obstruction of flow between iris and cornea --> pressure buildup behind iris. Very painful, decreased vision, rock-hard eye, frontal headache. An ophthalmologic emergency. |
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How does pupil constriction work?
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Pupillary sphincter muscle (circular muscle). Parasympathetic, innervation is CN III from Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
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How does pupil dilation work?
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Radial muscle, sympathetic. Innervated by T1.
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How is cranial nerve III organized in cross section?
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Inside = output to ocular muscles - primarily vascularly affected. DM.
Outside - parasympathetics. Affected by compression. PCA berry aneurysm, uncal herniation. |
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What does an upper quadrantic anopia suggest?
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Contralateral temporal lesion
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What does lower quadrantic anopia suggest?
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contralateral parietal lesion.
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What is internuclear ophthalmoplegia?
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MLF syndrome. Can't look medially with eye whose MLF is busted.
Ex. Right MLF busted. Look left - Left CN VI fires, connects to right MLF nothing happens with right. |
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Description of Alzheimer's disease?
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Down syndrome patients have increased risk.
early onset - APP, presinilin Late onset - ApoE4 ApoE2 protects. |
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What is Pick's Disease? Description?
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Dementia, aphasia, parkinsonian aspects, change in personality.
spares parietal lobe and posterior 2/3 of superior temporal gyrus. |
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What is CJD? Description?
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Rapidly progressive dementia with myoclonus.
See spongiform cortex, and prions |
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Description of MS?
Treatment? |
MS - patients can present with optic neuritis, MLF syndrome, hemiparesis, hemisensory symptoms, or bladder/bowel incontinence.
Findings - increased IgG in CSF. Oligoclonal bands = dx. MRI - gold standard. Rx - Beta-interferon or immunosuppressant |
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Description of guillain-barre syndrome?
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inflammation and demyelination of peripheral nerves and motor fibers of ventral roots, symmetric ascending muscle weakness beginning in distal lower extremities.
Associated with campylobacter jejuni or herpesvirus |
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What is Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy?
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demyelination of CNS due to destruction of oligodendrocytes. Associated with JC virus and seen in 2-4% of AIDS patients.
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Causes of seizures in children?
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genetic, infection (febrile), trauma, congenital, metabolic
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Causes of seizures in adults?
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tumors, trauma, stroke, infection
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Causes of strokes in the elderly?
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stroke, tumor, trauma, metabolic, infection
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Describe migraine?
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unilateral; 4-72 hours of pulsating pain with nausea, photophobia, or phonophobia. Due to irritation of CN V - release of substance P, CGRP, vasoactive peptides.
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Describe tension headache?
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Bilateral. >30 minutes of steady pain. Not aggravated by light or noise; no aura.
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Describe cluster headache.
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Unilateral; repetitive brief headaches characterized by periorbital pain with ipsilateral lacrimation, rhinorrhea, Horner's syndrome.
rx: sumatriptan |
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How is peripheral vertigo contrasted from central vertigo?
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Peripheral - inner ear etiology - positional testing and see delayed horizontal nystagmus.
Central - positional testing - see immediate nystagmus in any direction; may change direction |
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What is Sturge-Weber synrome?
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Congenital disorder with port-wine stains, typically in V1 ophthalmic distribution; ipsilateral leptomeningeal angiomas, pheochromocytomas.
Can get glaucoma, seizures, hemioparesis, and mental retardation. |
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What is NF type 1?
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Cafe au lait spots, Lisch nodules (pigmented iris hamartomas), neurofibromas in skin, optic gliomas, pheochromocytomas. AD. Mutated NF-1 gene on chromosome 17.
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Brain tumors in adults?
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Supratentorial
GBM - GFAP. astrocytes. cerebral hemispheres Meningioma - resectable. resectable. Psammoma bodies Schwannoma - S-100 positive OIigodendroglioma - fried egg |
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Brain tumors in children?
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Pilocytic astrocytoma - well circumscribed. GFAP positive.
MEdulloblastoma - highly malignant. Form of PNET. Ependymoma - poor prognosis. Craniopharyngioma - benign childhood tumor, most common childhood supratentorial tumor. |
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What were the first line drugs for tonic-clonic generalized seizures?
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Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Valproic acid
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What is the first line drug for absence generalized seizures?
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Ethosuximide
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What is the first line for acute status generalized seizures? Prophylaxis?
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Acute - benzos - diazepam or lorazepam
prophylaxis - phenytoin |
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What is neurotransmitter at NMJ?
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ACh
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What ion leads to vesicle release?
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Calcium
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What is the postsynaptic receptor at NMJ?
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nACHr. Ligand gated Na and K channels.
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Signs for MS?
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optic neuritis, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, cerebellar dysfunction, bowel/bladder dysfunction
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What is Nissl substance?
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neuron rough ER
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Where does ulnar nerve have sensation?
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pinky and ring finer. Get claw hand.
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Where does median nerve have sensation?
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thumb to middle finger
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Where does radial nerve have sensation?
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Extensor compartment for forearm. See wrist drope. Also does posterior arm, forearm sensation.
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Where does musculocutaneous nerve have sensation?
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lateral forearm; get paralysis of forearm flexors
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Where does axillary nerve do sensation?
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sensation over lateral upper arm
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What is transmitter at postganglionic sympathetic site?
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NE
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What transmitter and receptor lead to morphine tolerance?
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Glutamate at NMDA receptors
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What blocks NMDA receptors?
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Ketamine
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Where is the area postrema?
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dorsal medulla
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How should protect infants from tetanus?
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Give their mothers vaccines!
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What brain tumor in children is seen with calcified cystic mass and keratin pearls?
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craniopharyngioma derived from Rathke's pouch (like pituitary)
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Signs for Neural tube defect?
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increased AFP, Acetylcholinesterase
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What defect can lead to repeated neisseria infections?
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membrane attack complex issues
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If you see normal nerve activation but decreased EMG activity from muscle, what's messed up?
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NMJ issues
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What complications can result from infantile hydrocephalus?
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Irritability, feeding not so much, UMN issues due to stretching of pyramids
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Two leading causes of meningitis with kids?
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Group B strep, E coli.
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What confers disease to E Coli?
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Capsule
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What causes Neurofibromatosis?
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Schwannoma tumors.
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What is Valproate's teratogenic effect?
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Neural tube defects. Blocks intestinal folate absorption.
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What hormone is beta endorphin structurally related to?
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ACTH
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What disease can lead to children born with hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications, chorioretinitis?
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Congenital toxo. Mother got it from cat feces.
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What is myasthenia gravis' pathogenesis?
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Circulating antibodies to ACHr on NMJ.
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What is GBS pathogenesis?
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CD8 positive to cause nerve fiber demyelination
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What is Polymyositis pathogenesis?
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CD8 positive to muscle.
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What is tolerance not developed for regarding opioids?
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Constipation or miosis. Give laxatives.
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What is glycine's function as NT?
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Inhibitory. Esp spinal cord. Opens Cl channels.
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What is GABA derived from?
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Glutamate. Gets decarboxylated by GAD.
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What does NF type II look like?
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Bilateral acoustic neuromas.
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What are risk factors (genetic) for Alzheimer's?
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Late: ApoE4
Early: APP, presinilin |
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What nerve activation causes fainting?
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Vagal
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How do you treat crypto meningitis? How do you recognize it?
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Amp B.
Dark clearing in center with india ink. culture for sure on Sabouraud's agar. Add Flucytosine if HIV+. Prophylaxis for life with flutaconzole. |
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Signs of uncal herniation?
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ipsilateral III fixed and dilated, PCA compression with homonymous hemianopia, Duret hemorrhages, ipsilateral hemiparesis from contralateral cerebral peduncle compression
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What is physical process of uncal herniation?
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medial termporal lobe herniates between crus cerebri and tentorium
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What is the 5Ht area of the brain?
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Raphe nuclei
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What is the nucleus ceruleus control?
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NE and fight of flight
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What is the nucleus basalis of Meyner?
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Does cholingeric cell bodies. Decreased in Alzheimer's
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What is a Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm?
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sudden onset of focal deficits without pain. Intracerebral.
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What is a berry aneurysm sign?
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SAH. worst headache ever.
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Freidrichs ataxia pts die from? What signs do they have?
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Cardiomyopathy
have DM, kyphoscoliosis, pes cavus |
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What are the most common metastatic cancers to brain?
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Lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma
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What supplies the middle meningeal artery?
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Maxillary
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Unmyelinated autonomic fibers?
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Postganlgionic
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direct muscarinics will activate denervated structures but what won't?
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AChesterase inhibitors
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Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion controls?
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Tarsal muscle, lacrimal gland, salivary glands
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Are neurofibromas of NF malignant?
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No
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Signs for myasthenia gravis?
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difficulty chewing, thymoma
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Result of sympathetic denervation of eye?
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Eye will be small and not react with tyramine
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How does vagus increase trypsinogen?
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Exocytosis
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Cerebella vermis controls?
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Truncal stuff. In center. Cerebellar hemisphere = action tremor.
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Circadian rhythm controlled by what nucleus?
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SCN
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How does nervous system increase contraction?
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Increase recruitment and frequency of APs
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Where do you see decreased MG findings?
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End-plate potential amplitude
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Berry aneurysm rupture leads to ?
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SAH
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Bx of prion dz in brain?
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Creutzfeld-Jacob looks like vacuolization
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Parts of brain susceptible to hypoxia?
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Hippocampus and Purkinje cells
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What is the wearing off phenomenon of Parkison's? On/off?
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wearing off = more destruction of stiatonigral dopaminergic neurons
on/off =Drug response is unpredictable. |
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Primary treatment for Trigeminal neuralgia?
|
Carbamazepine
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What mediates taste?
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Forward 2/3 of tongue = chorda tympani of CN VII.
Sensation of tongue forward = V3. Back taste = IX. Back senstation = IX. |
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Ovaries receive blood supply and everything from?
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Suspensory ligament
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Upgoing toe Babinski = ?
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UMN.
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|
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Tardive Kinesia?
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Permanent from antipsychotics. Biting/chewing/grimacing
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Akathisia is?
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Restlessness
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Acute dystonia?
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Spasms and stiffness
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Damaging what CN other than VIII can cause intolerance to sound?
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CN VII
doing stapedius muscle |
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PML on biopsy?
|
Cyto inclusions on oligodendrocytes
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GBM bx?
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Palisading
|
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Meningioma bx?
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whorls
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Oligodendroglioma bx?
|
fried egg
|
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What provides for viral tropism?
|
Surface glycoproteins
|
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Tuberoinfundibular pathway is?
|
Prolactin
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|
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Pilocytic astrocytoma signs?
|
Rosenthal fibers, cystic tumor, cerebellum
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Most sensitive part of body to heat?
|
Purkinje cells of cerebellum
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Trochlear nerve lesion causes?
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Vertical diplopia
|
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What makes aqueous humor?
|
Ciliary epithelium
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Suggestive of recurrent non severe brain hemorrhages?
|
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
|
|
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How do peroxisome diseases manifest?
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Pt has neural issues. Can't metabolize VLCFatty acids or branched chain ones.
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What is hydrocephalus ex vacuo?
|
Ventricular enlargement due to brain atrophy w/o increase in CSF pressure
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Mediates Achilles reflex?
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S1 and S2. Sciatic nerve.
|
|
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Cauda equina manifestation?
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Loss of anocutaneous reflex. S4.
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|
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Rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia can cause?
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Osmotic demyelination of axons in central pons. = central pontine myelinosis.
|
|
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Kills TCA people - underlying the cardiac arrhythmias?
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Inhibition of Na channels in cardiac myocytes.
Therefore, hypertonic Na bicarb = crucial |
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What causes subacute sclerosing encephalitis?
|
MEasles. Antibodies to M protein are absent.
|
|
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What is most common extracranial neoplasm?
|
Neuroblastoma. Adrenal medulla. Small blue round cells. Can cause opsoclonus/myoclonus paraneoplastically. Due to N-myc amplification.
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|
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What surrounds the walls of an old infarct cyst?
|
Astrocyte processes
|
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Signs of medulloblastoma?
|
primitive cells in sheets; basophilic. abundant mitoses
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Signs of epednymoma?
|
rosettes
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