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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cerebral Cortex
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The center for human's highest functions, governing thought, memory, reasoning, sensation adn voluntary movement.
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Four Lobes
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Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, & Occipital.
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Frontal Lobe
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Personality, behavior, emotions, & intellectual function.
Precentral gyrus initiates voluntary movement |
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Parietal Lobe
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Sensation
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Occipital Lobe
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Visual
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Temporal Lobe
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auditory
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Wernicke's Area
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In temporal lobe: associated w/ language comprehension.
Damage: Person hears sound, but has no meaning. Like hearing a foreign language. |
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Broca's Area
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In frontal lobe: Mediates motor speech.
Damage: Person can't talk. Can understand language and knows what they want to say, but can only produce a garbled sound. |
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Basal Ganglia
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Control automatic associated movements of the body. (eg. arm sing alternation with the legs during walking.)
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Thalamus
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Main relay station for the nervous system. Synapses occur here from spinal cord and brain stem. Information then goes to the cerebral cortex.
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Hypothalamus
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Major control center: Temperature, heart rate, BP control, sleep center, anterior and posteriosr pituitary gland regulator adn coordinator of autonomic nervous system activity and emotional status.
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Cerebellum
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Motor coordination of voluntary movements, equilibrium, muscle tone. It adjusts and corrects voluntary movements. (playing the piano, swimming, juggling).
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Brain Stem
3 Areas |
Central core of brain.
Midbrain Pons Medulla |
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Midbrain
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Contains many motor neurons and tracts. Most anterior part of brain stem.
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Pons
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Enlarged area containing ascending and descending fiber tracts.
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Medulla
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Continuation of SC in the brain, connecting the brain to the SC. Respiration, heart, GI function, nuclei for cranial nerves VIII & XII. Pyramidal decussation (crossing of motor fibers) occurs here.
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Spinal Cord
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Main highway for ascending and descending fiber tracts that connect the brain to the spinal nerves, and it mediates reflexes.
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Crossed Representation
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Notable feature of nerve tract: Left cerebral cortex receives sensory info. from and controls motor function to the right side of the body., while the right cerebral cortex likewise interacts w/ the left side of the body.
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Spinothalamic Tract
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Contains sensory fibes that transmit the sensations of pain, temp., adn crude or light touch.
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Posterior (Dorsal) Columns
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These Fibers conduct the sensations of position, vibration and finely localize touch.
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Position
Proprioception |
W/out looking, you know where your body parts ae in space and in relation to each other.
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Vibration
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Feeling vibrating objects
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Finely localized touch
Stereognosis |
W/out looking, you can identify familiar objects by touch.
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Corticospinal or Pyamidal Tract
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Fibers mediate voluntary movement, very skilled, discrete, purposeful movements (eg. writing).
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Extrapyramidal Tracts
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All motor nerve fibers origination in the motor cortex, basal ganglia, brain stem, and spinal cord that are outsid the pyramidal tract. Primitive motor system. Maintain muscle tone & control body movements, gross automatic movements (eg. walking).
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Cerebellar System
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Coordinates movement, maintains equilibrium & helps maintain posture.
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Upper motor neurons
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Complex of all descending motor fibers that can influence or modify the lower motor neurons.
Coricospinal, corticobulbar, & extrapyramidal tracts. UMN diseases: Cerebro-vascular accident, cerebral palsy & MS. |
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Lower Motor Neurons
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Located in peripheral nervous system. Final direct contact with muscles. Any movement has to be translated by LMN into action.
Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral nervous system. |
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Nerve
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Bundle of fibers outside of the CNS.
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Reflex Arc
4 types |
Basic defense mechanisms of the nervous system. Involuntary, operate below level of conscious control. Also help body maintain balance and muscle tone.
Deep tendon reflexes Superficial Visceral Pathologic |
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Deep tendon reflexes
(Myotatic) 5 components |
Patellar or knee jerk
Intact sensory nerve (afferent) Functional synapse in cord Intact motor nerve fiber (efferent) neuromuscular junction, competent muscle. |
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Superficial
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Corneal reflex, abdominal reflex
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Visceral
(organic) |
Pupillary response to light and accomodation
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Pathologic
(abnormal) |
Babinski's (extensor plantar reflex)
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Cranial Nerves
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Enter and exit the brain rather than the spinal cord.
CN I & II: from cerebrum CN III - XII: from lower diencephalon and brain stem 12 pairs supply primarily head & neck except vagus nerve, it travels to the heart, respiratory muslces, stomach and gallbladder. |
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Spinal Nerves
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31 pairs
Mixed sensory and motor |
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CN I
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Olfactory
Sensory Smell Function test: have person close eyes and check each nostril to see if they can smell what you place in front of them. |
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CN II
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Optic
Sensory Vision Function Test: Visual acuity (snellen) & confrontation test (peripheral). |
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CN III
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Oculomotor
Mixed Motor: Most EOM movement, opening of eyelids. Parasympathetic: Pupil constricion, lens shape. |
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CN IV
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Trochlear
Motor Down & inward movement of eye |
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CN V
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Trigeminal
Mixed Motor: muscles of mastication Sensory: Sensation of face, scalp, cornea, mucous membranes of mouth & nose. |
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CN VI
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Abducens
Motor Lateral movement of eye |
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CN VII
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Facial
Mixed Motor: Facial muscles, close eye, labial speech, close mouth Sensory: taste on anterior 2/3 of toungue. Parasympathetic: saliva & tear secretions. |
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CN VIII
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Acoustic
Sensory Hearing and equilibrium |
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CN IX
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Glossopharyngeal
Mixed Motor: Pharynx (phonation swallowing) Sensory: taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue, pharynx (gag reflex). Parasympathetic: parotid gland, carotid reflex |
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CN X
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Vagus
Mixed Motor: pharynx & larynx (talking & swallowing) Sensory: general sensation from carotid body, carotid sinus, pharynx, viscera. Parasympathetic: caotid reflex |
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CN XI
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Spinal Accesory
Motor Movement of trapezius & sternomastoid muscles. |
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CN XII
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Hypoglossal
Motor Movement of tongue |
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Dermal segmentation
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Cutaneous distribution of the various spinal nerves.
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Dermatome
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A defined skin area that is supplied mainly from one spinal cord segment through a particular spinal nerve. Dematomes overlap, this is useful because if one nerve is severed, most of the sensations can be transmitted by the nerve above or the nerve below.
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Vertigo
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Rotational spinning caused by neurologic disease in the vestibular apparatus in the ear or in the vestibular nuclei of the brain stem.
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Objective Vertigo
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Feel like the room is spinning
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Subjective Vertigo
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Feel like you are spinning.
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Seizures
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Occur w/ epilepsy, a paroxysmal disease. Altered or loss of consciousness, involuntary muscle movements & sensory disturbances. May occur with high fevers in infants and toddlers or they can be a sign of a neurologic disease.
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Aura
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Subjective sensation that comes before a seizure. Could be auditory, visual, or motor.
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Seizure disorder
Relevant health questions |
Ever had convulsions? When did they start? How often do they occur?
Course and duration Motor Activity: Where in body do they begin? Do they travel through the body? 1 sid or both? Muscle tone tense or limp? Associated signs: Color change in face or lips. Loss of consciousness? how long? Automatisms (eyelid fluttering, eye rolling, lip smacking), incontinence? Postictal phase: After, are you told you spend time sleeping or have any confusion, weakness, headache or muscle ache? Precipitating Factors: Anything bring them on: activity, discontinuing meds., fatigue, stress? Are you on any meds? Coping strategies: How do they affect daily life, occupation? |
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Tremors
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Involuntary shaking, vibrating or trembling.
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Paresis
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Partial or incomplete paralysis.
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Paralysis
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Loss of motor function due to a lesion in the neurologic or muscular system or loss of sensory innervation.
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Dysmetria
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Inability to control ROM of muscles.
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Parasthesia
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Abnormal sensation (eg. burning, tingling).
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Dysarthria
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Difficulty forming words
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Dysphasia
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Difficulty w/ language comprehension or expression.
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Anosmia
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Decrease or loss of smell
(eg. tobacco use, allergic rhinitis, & cocaine use.) |
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Ptosis
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(Drooping) occurs w/ myasthenia gravis, dysfunction of cranial nerve III,or Horners syndrome.
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Strabismus
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(Deviated gaze) limited movement.
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Nystagmus
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Pendular movement- oscillations move equally L to R. or jerk- a quick phase in one direction and a slow phase on the other.
Occurs w/ disease of the vestibular system, cerebellum or brain stem. |
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Flaccidity
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Decreased resistance, hypotonic
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Spasticity & Rigidity
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Types of increased resistance.
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Ataxia
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Uncoordinated or unsteady gait.
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Innability to Tandem walk?
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Upper motor neuron lesion, like in MS, or acute cerebellar dysfunction such as alcohol intoxication.
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Positive Romberg Sign
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Loss of balance while closing eyes.
Occurs w/ cerebellar ataxia (MS, Alcohol intoxication.), loss of proprioception & loss of vestibular function. |
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Dysdiadochokinesia
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Lack of coordianation, slow, clumsy & sloppy response.
Occurs w/ cerebellar disease. |
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Dysmetria
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Clumsy movement w/ overshooting the mark and occurs w/ cerebellar disroders or acute alcohol intoxication. (Found in the finger to finger test).
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Past ponting
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Constant deviation to one side.
(finger to finger test). |
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Hypoalgesia
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Decreased pain sensation
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Analgesia
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Absent pain sensation
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Hyperalgesia
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Increased pain sensation
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Hypoesthesia
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Decrased touch sensation
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Anesthesia
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Absent touch sensation
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Hyperesthesia
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Increased touch sensation
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Spinothalamic Tract
Responsible for: |
Pain, temperature, & light touch testing.
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Posterior Column Tract
Responsible for: |
Vibration, Position (Kenesthesia), Tactile Discrimination (fine touch)- stereognosis, graphesthesia, Two point discrimination, Extinction, Point location.
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Vibration test
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Test person's ability to feel vibrations by putting a tuning fork over bony prominences. Person states when vibration starts and stops.
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Position (Kinesthesia) test
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Ability to perseive passive movements of extremeties. Done in hands or feet, move fingers up, down or neutral.
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