Neurogenic Exam 1

Front 1

cell body

Back 1

grey matter

Front 2

dendrite

Back 2

receives info

Front 3

axon

Back 3

transmits info

Front 4

myelin

Back 4

white matter

Front 5

skull floor is

Back 5

rough

Front 6

foramen magnum

Back 6

what spinal cord passes through

Front 7

3 membranes of brain

Back 7

-dura mater

-arachnoid mater

-pia mater

Front 8

cerebrospunal fluid located in and produced by

Back 8

subarachnoid space; choroid plexus in ventricles

Front 9

brain weighs

Back 9

3-4 lbs

Front 10

brain amount of water

Back 10

3/4

Front 11

when brain is deprived of oxygen

Back 11

10 seconds- unconscious

20 seconds- electrical activity stops

2 minutes- permanent damage

Front 12

cortex width

Back 12

1/4 to 1/2 inch

Front 13

lobes

Back 13

frontal

parietal

occipital

temporal (2)

insula

Front 14

thalamus

Back 14

major relay center for motor info down from the motor cortex and sensory info up to the sensory cortex

Front 15

basal ganglia

Back 15

receives input from multiple cortical sites and sends info via the thalamus to the cortex

Front 16

commissures

Back 16

regional fibers that form communicative links between hemispheres (ex. corpus callosum)

Front 17

association fibers

Back 17

connect cortical areas within a hemisphere

Front 18

arcuate fasciculus

Back 18

from temporal to frontal lobe, plays a role in language processing; connects Wernicke's and Broca's areas

Front 19

brainstem

Back 19

link between brain and spinal cord, regulated basic sustaining functions (breathing, heart rate, etc.)

Front 20

brainstem parts

Back 20

-midbrain

-pons

-medulla

Front 21

medulla

Back 21

point of decussation

Front 22

how many pairs of spinal nerves

Back 22

31

Front 23

spinal nerves are important in

Back 23

regulating reflexes important in motor activity, including speech; conduct sensory and motor impulses of the body to and from the brain

Front 24

aorta

Back 24

main artery of the heart, four branches ascend directly to the brain

Front 25

4 branches of aorta

Back 25

common carotid artery-

1. internal carotid artery

2. external carotid artery

two vertebral arteries-

3. subclavian branch

4. posterior cerebral artery

Front 26

common corotid artery parts

Back 26

-branches from subclavian artery to internal and external carotid arteries

Front 27

internal carotid artery branches into

Back 27

anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA)

Front 28

vertebral arteries branch out from

Back 28

subclavian, continues upward to form basilar at base of pons

Front 29

posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

Back 29

smaller branches of basilar artery

Front 30

corotid and vertebral arteries form a circular passage at the base of the brain called the

Back 30

Circle of Willis

Front 31

Circle of Willis

Back 31

provides an alternate channel for blood flow to brain in case of damage or blockage

Front 32

extent of damage dependent on

Back 32

location of occlusion; worse if on trunk or main areas

Front 33

watershed area

Back 33

overlap of blood supply at the outward boundaries of peripheral arterial branches

Front 34

cranial nerves and how many associated with speech

Back 34

12, 7 with speech

Front 35

motor nerve pathway

Back 35

corticobulbar tract

Front 36

corticobulbar tract

Back 36

-control muscles in head and heck, originates in motor strip of cortex and ends at pons

-transmits info from sensory receptors in head and neck to CNS

Front 37

spinal nerves are innervated

Back 37

contralaterally (affects both sides)

Front 38

spinal nerves motor pathway

Back 38

corticospinal tract; reflex arc

Front 39

reflex arc

Back 39

mechanism which allows for quick motor movements without involvement of higher neural systems

Front 40

3 systems involved

Back 40

-pyramidal (direct)

-vestibular-reticular

-extrapyramidal (indirect)

Front 41

pyramidal system (direct motor system)

Back 41

begins at pyramidal cells of motor strip and extends through internal capsule to brainstem and spinal cord

-corticobulbar tract

-corticospinal tract

-responsible for initiation of voluntary motor movement

-motor neurons referred to as "upper motor neurons" or UMN (in motor strip_

Front 42

corticobulbar vs. corticospinal tract

Back 42

corticobulbar- arise from motor strip and premotor area, extends to medulla, critical to motor speech

corticospinal- arise from sensorimotor areas or cortex, descends to spinal cord, fibers cross over in the medulla

Front 43

vestibular-reticular system

Back 43

comprised of neurons throughout the brainstem and cerebellum, responsible for balance and orientation of body in space (proprioception) and maintaining attention and alertness, functions not under volitional control

Front 44

extrapyramidal system

Back 44

system of subcortical structures and pathways within CNS, primarily basal ganglia

-doesn't initiate movement, but adjusts muscle tone and posture with volitional movements

-damage stops or distorts volitional movements and causes involuntary movements to occur (ex. Parkinson's)

Front 45

parietal lobe

Back 45

perception, interpretation of sensory info, proprioception, integrating visual and sensory information

Front 46

temporal lobe

Back 46

auditory cortex

Front 47

2 types of stroke

Back 47

ischemic or hemorrhagic

Front 48

ischemic stroke

Back 48

occlusion- occurs when an artery is blocked

-thrombotic- build-up of material

-embolic- fragment of material travels through blood stream

-transient ischemic attacks (mini-strokes)

Front 49

hemorrhagic stroke

Back 49

bleeding- caused by rupture or leakage of vcerebral blood vessels

-extracerebral- within meninges or on surface

-intracerebral- into brain or brainstem

-aneurism

-arteriovenous malformations- dialated, thin-walled veins that can bleed

Front 50

insideous neuropathy

Back 50

-intracranial tumors

-hydrocephalus- fluid on the brain

-infections or toxins

-nutritional and metabolic disorders

Front 51

localizaionalist theory

Back 51

a connection of brain-based behavior relationships based on site of damage

-Broca and Wernicke

-left hemisphere specialized for receptive/expressive language and speech

-~85% of adults are language-dominant in left hemisphere

Front 52

how brain processes language

Back 52

1. received visually in occipital lobe

2. angular gyrus transforms to auditory

3. Wernicke's area interprets meaning

4. Broca's area controls speech muscles

5. motor cortex- speech produced

Front 53

apraxia of speech

Back 53

inability to produce voluntary speech, disorder of motor programming but muscle strength fine

Front 54

dysarthria

Back 54

group of speech disorders caused by muscle impairment

Front 55

upper motor neuron

Back 55

corticobulbar tract

Front 56

lower motor neuron

Back 56

peripheral nervous system