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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Child development |
Typical childhood development. Significant brain changes occur for several years after birth. Critical development in all areas. Follows a sequential pattern. Disruption in early development may disrupt later development. |
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Developmental milestones |
Language, socialising, problem solving and physical motor skills. If one doesnt develop properly this will likely lead to a developmental disorder. |
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ADHD |
Children who meet criteria for adhd have a pattern of: inattention- difficulty attending to tasks or hyperactivity and impulsivity- fidgety, excessive activity. |
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ADHD across the lifespan |
Can be identified around 3-4 years. Overtime: often less impulsive inattention persists. Adolescents: impulsivity manifests in different areas. Adulthood: a need to be busy, restlessness. |
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Gender differences |
Boys are 3 times more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD. |
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Biological causes of ADHD |
Common in families where one person has adhd. Mutations occur which create extra copies on one chromosone or deletion of genes. |
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Gene-Environment interaction (adhd) |
Environmental factors also appear to play a small role. Maternal stress and alcohol use, parental marital stability. |
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Psychological/Social influence (adhd) |
Factors may further influence the impact of adhd. This leads to negative response from parents, teachers and peers. Which contributes to low self esteem and negative self image. |
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Treatment approaches (adhd) |
Psychosocial interventions - target broader issues. Biological interventions - aim to reduce impulsivity and hyperactivity to improve attention. A combined approach is most effective. |
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Specific learning disorder |
Performance that is substantially below what qould be expected given the persons age, iq and education. Impairment in reading, expression and math. expression and math. |
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Learning disorder causes |
Neurological causes: structural and functional differences found in brain. Reading: left hemisphere- dyslexia Math disorders: intraparietal sulcas (left hemisphere) numbers. |
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Autism (2 features) |
Impairment in social communication and social interaction. Restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests or activities. |
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2 features of autism in detail |
Social communication: deficits in social-emotional reciprocity. Deficits in non-verbal communicative behaviours and deficits in developing, maintaining and understanding relationships. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behvaiour: sterotyped or repetitive motor movements. |
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Intellectual disability |
Characterised by significantly below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning. Difficulties with day to day functioning. |
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Causes of intellectual disability |
Environmental: deprivation, abuse and neglect. Prenatal: exposure to disease or drugs in womb. Perinatal: labour difficulties. Postnatal: infections and head injuries. |
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Neurocognitive disorders |
Forms of dementia and amnestic disorder. Major and mild subtypes. Impairment of cognitive abilities. |
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Delirium |
Impaired consciousness and cognition during several hours or days. Confused, disoriented, cannot focus, impaired memory and language. |
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Causes, treatment and prevention for delirium |
Causes: intoxication by drugs, infections, head injury, brain trauma, sleep deprivation and excessive stress. Treatment: psychosocial management -managing agitation and anxiety increasing familiar personal belongings. Prevention: appropriate medical care for illness and medication monitoring. |
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Alzheimer's disease |
Impairment of memory, orientation, judgement and reasoning. Cognitive disturbances: Aphasia: difficulty with language Apraxia: impaired motor functioning Agnosia: failure to recognise objects. |
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Vascular neurocognitive disorder |
Blood vessels in the brain are blocked or damaged (stroke). Nutrients and oxygen no longer carried to brain tissue. |
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Lewy body disease |
Lewy bodies: microscopic deposits of a protein that damage brain cells over time. Impairment in alertness and attention. |
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What is amnesia? |
Significant memory impairment. Caused by a medical condition or substance. Acquired disorder. No other cognitive areas can be affected otherwise it is dementia. |
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Amnesia causes? |
Direct damage to hippocampus. Indirect damage to hippocampus possibly cause by too much alcohol use. |
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Dementia |
Many and severe cognitive deficits without impaired consciousness. Usually progressive and irreversible. Common in the elderly. |
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Parkinsons |
Dementia after 12 months of motor symptoms. A disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors |
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Huntington's |
Motor disorder and with psychiatric disturbances. An inherited condition in which nerve cells in the brain break down over time. |