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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Rostral/Caudal Line |
Front to back; same as anterior and posterior; front = rostral and back = caudal. Also, rostral is up the spine and caudal is down the spine. |
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Anterior/Posterior Line |
Front to back; same as rostral and caudal; front = anterior and back = posterior. |
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Dorsal/Ventral |
Dorsal is the top and Ventral is the bottom. |
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Medial/Lateral |
Medial is going inward and lateral is going outward. |
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Frontal Cut/Plane |
Cut the front away from the rest; up and down so front is separated from rest of brain. |
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Horizontal Cut/Plane |
Cut straight across the center of the brain horizontally, so you are left with a top half and a bottom half. |
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Sagittal Cut/Plane |
Cut right down the center splitting the left and right brain (or just cut to split left and right; doesn't have to be dead center). |
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Gyrus |
Mountains |
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Sulcus |
Valleys |
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Brain stem is made up of ___________ and ___________ and is the ________________ part of the brain. |
Pons, Medulla, most ancient. |
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4 Lobes of the Brain |
Parietal, Frontal, Temporal, and Occipital |
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Parietal Lobe |
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Occipital Lobe |
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Frontal Lobe |
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Temporal Lobe |
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Central Sulcus |
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Cerebral Cortex |
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Thalamus |
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Hypothalamus |
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Midbrain |
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Tectum |
Uppermost part of the midbrain. |
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Colliculi |
Involved with vision, eye movements, etc. (think prism glasses). |
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Cerebellum |
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Medulla |
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Pons |
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Thalamus is ______ matter because it is made up of ___________. |
Gray; cell bodies |
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Lateral ventricles are filled with.... |
cerebral spinal fluid. |
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Corpus callosum is the... |
main white matter track. |
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Internal capsule is the... |
other main white matter track. |
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Corpus Callosum |
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Basal Ganglia
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Basal ganglia are _____ kind of matter. |
Gray |
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Lateral Ventricles |
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Calcarine Fissure |
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Internal Capsule |
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Thalamus MRI |
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4 Categories of Questions |
Connection, memory, perception, and regeneration.
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Nature |
Innate or essential qualities or characteristics of a person or animal. |
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Nurture |
Caring for and encouraging growth and development of something. |
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Epigenetic Modification |
How cells differentiate. Epigenetics - the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself. |
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Heritability |
The proportion of observed variation in a particular trait that can be attribute to genetic factors. OR The state of being heritable. |
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Neural Plasticity |
The brain's ability to reorganize itself by form in new neural connections throughout life. |
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CNS |
Brain and spinal cord. |
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PNS |
Not the brain or spinal cord |
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Spinal Cord |
The cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers and associated tissue that is enclosed in the spine and connects nearly all parts of the body to the brain, with which it forms the central nervous system.
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Hemispheres |
The brain is split into right and left hemispheres. |
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Amygdala |
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(Cerebral) Cortex defined |
The outer layer of the cerebrum; composed of folded gray matter and plays an important role in consciousness. |
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Neocortex |
Part of the cerebral cortex concerned with sight and hearing in mammals. Regarded as the most recently evolved part of the cortex. |
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Nerves |
Whitish fiber bundles that transmit impulses of sensation to the brain or spinal cord and impulses from these back to the muscles and organs. White matter (axons) outside of the spinal cord. |
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Tracts |
A bundle of myelinated nerve fibers following a path through the brain. White matter = axon tracts |
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Nuclei |
Gray matter aka cell bodies |
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Ganglia |
Bulb in nerves that houses cell bodies of sensory neurons. |
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Neuraxis |
The axial, unpaired part of the central nervous system including the spinal cord. In contrast to the paired cerebral hemisphere. The axis of the CNS that denotes its direction. |
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Neural Tube |
The hollow structure in an embryo from which the brain and spinal cord form. |
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Hippocampus |
The elongated ridges on the floor of each lateral ventricle of the brain, thought to be the center of emotion, memory, and the autonomic nervous system. |
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4 Parts of the Spinal Cord in Order |
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral |
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Primary Motor Cortex (Mouth and Lips) |
Maps different parts of the brain; 6 layer cortex that can be used to play the human muscles "like a piano" by activating different neurons along the region. |
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Broca's Area |
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Wenicke's Area |
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Auditory Cortex |
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Soma |
Cell body of the neuron. |
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How many dendrites are there? |
Many |
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How many axons are there? |
One |
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Neurites |
The general word for dendrites and axon. |
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Dendrites have _________ with _________ at the end. |
branches, spines |
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Spines |
Bulbs at the end of dendrites. |
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Axon Hillock |
Initial segment at the base of the cell body by the axon; this is where you decide if the neuron is going to fire. |
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Neurons have lots of ________ but not a lot of __________. |
Mitochondria, cell dividing materials |
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If the soma is a car at Millington then the axon is... |
5 miles long. |
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Theory of Dynamic Polarization |
In general neurons work the same way. Input to integration to conduction to output. |
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What is inside the cell vs. outside? |
Inside K Outside NaCl |
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End of axon = |
branches, presynaptic terminals (before each branch at end of axon), synapse ??
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Synapse = |
presynaptic terminal, space, postsynaptic terminal ?? |
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How to we get proteins from soma to end of axon? |
local protein translation (less common) or axonal transport |
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2 Kinds of Axonal Transport |
Slow (1 or 2 mm per day) or Fast (100 mm per day) Via kinesans on microtubules (?) This was the rope example! |
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Camillo Golgi |
Believes that the brain is just a big web and there are no individual neurons. |
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Roman y Cajal |
Believed the brain is not a web, but is rather made up of neurons. Father of neuroscience; theorized the synapse. |
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Staining |
All neurons stained = a mess; cannot tell if web or individuals or what. Golgi stain = only stains some neurons so you can differentiate and tell what is going on. |
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Golgi Stain |
Takes 3 weeks. Randomly forms crystals in neurons, and only these crystallized neurons stain. (??) |
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How can we show neurons are made of individual cells? (3) |
1. Tag some neurons with GFP with Krey (?) and lock system to randomly tag certain keys or locks or by injecting single neurons. 2. Track action potentials; any delay shows there must be gaps in the system (not a web). 3. Stain so you can see under a high resolution microscope (electron microscopy). |
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Types of Neurons |
Cortical Pyramidal Basket Cell/Interneuron Motor (Semi) Unipolar Purkinje Cell Retinal Ganglion Cell |
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Cortical Pyramidal Neurons |
Standard kind of neuron. Dendritic spines are the postsynaptic sites. There are many per branch. |
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Basket Cells |
Interneurons; axon stays fairly close to cell body. |
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Motor Neurons |
Many dendrites; axons extend to muscles (long!). |
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(Semi) Unipolar Neurons |
Sensory neurons. Cell body is away from everything else. These neurons have their cell bodies just outside the spinal cord, but their dendrites extend as far out as our fingertips. Axon brings information from exterior back to the spine. The axon initial segment is where all the dendrites meet back up to the axon in this type of neuron. |
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Dendrites are often not... |
myelinated. |
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Purkinje Cells |
Flat and have no dendritic overlap. |
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Retinal Ganglion Cell Neurons |
Dendrites branch forward towards retina. |
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Glia means |
glue. |
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4 Kinds of Glia |
Astrocytes Microglia Schwann Cells Oligodendrocytes |
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Astrocytes |
Blood brain barrier. Interact with capillaries. |
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Microglia |
Inflammation |
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Schwann Cells |
Wraps AN axon (PNS) |
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Oligodendrocytes |
Wraps axons (CNS) |
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Neuronal Processes |
The work neurons do???? |
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Myelin Sheath |
The insulating covering that surrounds an axon with multiple spiral layers of myelin to increase the speed at which nerve impulse can travel along an axon. Myelin - proteins + phospholipids |
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Cell theory |
States cells are the basic unit of structure and reproduction in all organisms. |
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DRG |
Dorsal Root Ganglia; the bulb on the dorsal root that houses the cell bodies of sensory neurons and leads to the dorsal root. |
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Afferent |
Sensory information goes in the afferent route from the PNS to the CNS. |
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Efferent |
Motor information comes from the CNS to the PNS via the efferent route. |
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Somatosensory System |
AKA the somatic senses, touch or tactile perception. Made up of many different receptors including thermo, photo, mechano (touch), and chemo (chemical) receptors |
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Pyramidal Neurons |
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Basket Cell (Interneuron) |
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Motor Neuron |
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(semi) Unipolar Neuron |
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Purkinje Neuron |
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Retinal Ganglion Cell |
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1. Astrocyte 2. Neuron 3. Microglia 4. Neuron 5. Schwann Cell (PNS) 6. Oligodendrocyte (CNS) |
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Just study this |
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How many neurons do you need to move a muscle? |
2 |
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First neuron for movement... |
lives in the frontal lobe (primary motor cortex) and projects down through the spinal cord and synapses onto a second neuron. |
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Neuron from brain to second neuron in spinal cord is called a... |
upper motor neuron. |
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The upper motor neuron synapses onto the... |
lower motor neuron aka the alpha motor neuron.
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The alpha or lower motor neuron does what? |
Gets info from the upper motor neuron and passes that information (synapses) on to the muscle. |
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Upper and lower neurons are PNS or CNS? |
CNS |
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A CNS neuron is... |
any neuron where the soma is within the brain or spinal cord. |
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A PNS neuron is... |
a neuron whose cell body is outside of the brain and spinal cord. Ex: sensory neurons |
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What comes off of the spinal cord? |
Nerves |
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What is the butterfly in the spinal cord? |
Gray matter (cell bodies). |
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Where is gray/white matter in the spinal cord vs. in the brain?
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Spinal cord - gray matter surrounded by white matter Brain - white matter surrounded by gray matter |
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Dorsal Columns |
Teeth shaped indents on the dorsal side of the spinal cord. |
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Sensory Path |
Afferent Sensory info comes in and goes to DRG then to dorsal route to CNS. |
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Motor Path |
Efferent Ventral route leads from spinal cord out to PNS(?). |
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Where do alpha motor neurons' soma live? |
The ventral horn in the spinal cord, which is the bottom left butterfly wing. |
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Where do alpha motor neurons' axons go? |
They go out the ventral route (CNS to PNS).
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Knee Jerk Reflex |
Patellar Reflex More? |
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Spinal cord section controls the arm. Gray and green neurons are alpha motor neurons that each innervate one of the muscles (bicep or tricep). Blue neuron is a sensory neuron that has its cell body in the DRG and axon projecting to the CNS. Black interneuron. Blue swirly = muscle spindle organ |
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Innervate |
To supply with nerves. |
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Muscle Spindle Organ |
Same as Na+ stretch channel. Detects stretching of muscle and fires sensory afferent AP activating the green neuron that contracts the bicep and the black neuron that inhibits tricep contraction. |
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Where is the primary sensory cortex? |
Right behind the primary motor cortex in the parietal lobe. |
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What takes up the majority of the primary motor cortex in the average person? |
Hands and fingers and face! |
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Motor Homunculus |
A cortical homunculus is a neurological "map" of the anatomical divisions of the body. There are two types of cortical homunculus; sensory and motor. |
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Neuron drawn with triangle at end is an... |
excititory neuron. |
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Neuron drawn with a circle at end is an... |
inhibitory neuron. |
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Convergent Excitation |
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Divergent Excitation |
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Feedback Excitation |
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Feedforward Inhibition |
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Feedback Inhibition |
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Disinhibition |
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Convergent Excitation |
3 neurons come together to excite 1 |
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Divergent Excitation |
1 neuron excites 3 others |
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Feedback Excitation |
1 neuron excites another neuron that then re-excites the initial neuron and probably another neuron as well. |
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Feedforward Inhibition |
1 neuron excites another neuron while also exciting another neuron that then inhibits the other excited neuron. |
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Feedback Inhibition |
1 neuron excites another neuron that inhibits itself. |
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Disinhibition |
1 neuron inhibits another inhibitory neuron. |
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1a Afferent |
A kind of sensory nerve; a primary afferent fiber. Is a component of a muscle fiber's muscle spindle, which monitors how fast a muscle stretch changes. |
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Agonist Muscle |
Part of antagonistic pairs.
As one contracts the other relaxes. Ex: bicep/tricep |
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Antagonist Muscle |
Part of antagonistic pairs. As one contracts the other relaxes. Ex: bicep/tricep |
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Local Circuit Neuron |
AKA interneuron |
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Primary Motor vs. Primary Sensory Cortex |
Motor cortex: plan and execute movements. Sensory cortex: receives and interprets sensory information from various parts of the body. |
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Topographic Map |
?? Similar to homunculus ?? |
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BLUE? |
Motor Cortex |
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RED? |
Sensory Cortex |
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What does the agonist muscle do? |
They cause a movement to happen from their own contraction. |
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What do antagonist muscles do? |
They oppose a specific movement. |
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Can neurons be both excitatory and inhibitory?
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Not usually. |
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Where do upper motor neurons cell bodies reside?
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The parietal lobe. |
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Job of the Dorsal Column
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The dorsal column is where the sensory axons from the spinal cord go exit and head towards the brain. |
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Cross Inhibition |
One neuron inhibits another neuron that is also inhibiting that initial neuron. |
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2 Kinds of Passive Transport |
Channel proteins and transporter proteins. |
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2 Kinds of Active Transport |
Pumps and Co-transporters |
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2 Kinds of Co-Transporters |
Symporters and Antiporters |
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Solute |
The minor component in a solution; dissolved in the solvent. |
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Intracellular Recording |
A technique where you insert a microelectrode into a single cell (neuron) to measure its electrical activity.
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Anion |
Negatively charge ion.
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Cation |
Positively charged ion.
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Na/K ATPase |
3 Sodium out, 2 Potassium in |
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K/Cl Co-transporter |
Potassium and Chlorine both out |
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Symporter |
Both going the same way. |
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Antiporter |
One goes in and other goes out. |
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Equilibrium |
Equal numbers of + and - on each side. |
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If there are only transporters for + ions, will they move to create equilibrium? |
No, they will remain on one side with the - ions. Maintaining neutralized charge is more important than creating equilibrium. |
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Basal Ganglia is made up of... |
Upper: caudate nucleus Lower: putamen |
