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36 Cards in this Set

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What are the divisions of the Diencephalon?

1. Thalamus
2. Subthalamus,
3. Hypothalamus, and
4. Epithalamus.
What collection of internal cell fibres of the Thalamus is indicated by the white arrow?
The Internal Medullary Lamina.

How many nuclear groups does the Thalamus divide into?

What are they?

Three:
1. Anterior,
2. Medial, and
3. Lateral Nuclear Groups.

What is a "specific" thalamic nucleus?

It is a nucleus receiving input from defined sensory or motor pathway that projects to restricted, clearly delineated cortical regions.

Where are all of the Specific Thalamic Nuclei located?

They are all in the Lateral Nuclear Group.

What is the name of the white matter surrounding the Thalamus?
The External Medullary Lamina.
What types of fibres are found in the External Medullary Lamina?
It contains:
1. Thalamocortical, and
2. Corticothalamic Fibres.

So, fibres to and from the cortex and thalamus.
What system is the Anterior Nuclear Group considered a part of?
It's considered part of the Limbic System.
What group of nuclei is indicated by the red arrow?

Where does it receive afferents from? Where does it project to?
The Anterior Nuclear Group.

It receives afferents from the Mammillary Bodies. Its axons project to the Cingulate Gyrus.
Which Thalamic Nucleus is indicated by the yellow arrow?
The Medial Dorsal (or Dorsomedial) Nucleus.
What is the largest nucleus in the Medial Cell Mass of the Thalamus?
The Medial Dorsal (or Dorsomedial) Nucleus
Where does the Dorsomedial (or Medial Dorsal) Thalamic Nucleus receive its afferents from?
The Amygdala and the Corpus Striatum (among others).
(Amygdala efferent pathways shown)
Where does the Dorsomedial Nucleus project its axons too?

What is it thought to be involved with?
It is connected (reciprocally) to the Prefrontal Cortex.

It is thought to be involved in affective states, judgement, and some aspects of memory.
What are the two tiers of the Thalamic Lateral Nuclear Group?

Which tier contains Specific Nuclei?
The two tiers are the:
1) Dorsal (LD, LP, and Pulvinar), and
2) Ventral (VA, VL, VI, VL, VPM, VPL, MGB, LGB) tiers.

The Ventral Tier consists of specific nuclei.
Which Thalamic Nucleus is indicated by the white arrow?
The Lateral Dorsal Nucleus
Which Thalamic Nucleus is indicated by the white arrow?
The Lateral Posterior Nucleus
Which Thalamic Nucleus is indicated by the white arrow?
The Pulvinar

(from latin for "cushion")
Which Thalamic Nucleus is indicated by the white arrow?
The Ventral Anterior Nucleus.
Which Thalamic Nucleus is indicated by the white arrow?
The Lateral subdivision of the Ventral Posterior Nucleus
(or Ventroposterolateral nucleus)
Which Thalamic Nucleus is indicated by the white arrow?
The Medial subdivision of the Ventral Posterior Nucleus.
(or, the Ventral Posteromedial)
Which Thalamic Nucleus is indicated by the white arrow?
The Ventral Lateral Nucleus.
(The Ventral Intermedial is not distinguished in the lab manual)
Which Thalamic Nucleus is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Reticular Nucleus,
located between the external medullary lamina and the Internal Capsule.
Which Thalamic Nucleus is indicated by the blue arrow?
Medial Geniculate Body

(From latin: "genu" knee)
What input does the Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus receive?
It receives somatosensory pathways from the Medial Lemniscal and Spinothalamic pathways.
What input does the Medial division of the Ventral Posterior Thalamic Nucleus receive?
(The Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus)

Where does it project to?
Trigeminothalamic Pathways.
It projects to the Postcentral Gyrus.
It also receives the taste pathways from the Rostral Nucleus Solitarus, and projects to the Sensory Cortex. (14.11, Netter Neuroanatomy)
Where does the Ventral Anterior Nucleus receive input from?

What region of the Neocortex is it connected to?
The Globus Pallidus and the Substantia Nigra.

It is (reciprocally) connected to the Frontal Lobe, particularly the Motor Cortex.
Where does the Ventral Lateral Thalamic Nucleus receive its inputs from?

What regions of the Neocortex is it connected to?
It receives input from the Globus Pallidus and the Cerebellum (Dentate Nucleus, not shown).

It is connected to motor and pre-motor regions of the Frontal Lobe.
It also receives input from the Substantia Nigra.
Where does the Lateral Geniculate Body (LGB) receive input from?

What part of the Neocortex is it connected to?
It receives visual input via the Optic Tract.

It projects to the Visual Cortex in the ipsilateral Occipital Lobe.
Where does the Medial Geniculate Body receive input from?

What area of the Neocortex does it connect with?
It receives auditory input via the Inferior Colliculus.

It's connected to the Auditory Cortex in the Temporal Lobe.
What inputs does the Reticular Nucleus receive?
Where does it project to?
It receives collateral fibres of Thalamocortical and Corticothalamic fibres.

It only projects to other Thalamic Nuclei, regulating their functions. (it is the only thalamic nucleus to not project to the Cortex)
What Thalamic Nuclei are indicated by the white arrows?

Where do they receive inputs from? What cortices do they connect to?
The Intralaminar Nuclei.

They receive input from a variety of sources, including the brainstem Reticular Formation, and are connected to the Frontal and Parietal Cortices.
They are thought to influence alertness and levels of consciousness.
What structure is indicated by the green arrow?
What part of the Diencephalon is it a part of?
The Pineal Body.
It's part of the Epithalamus.
What is the Pineal Body involved in?
It secretes melatonin, involved in regulating sleep-wakefulness cycles, as well as gonadal maturation.
Where do the Habenular Nuclei receive input from?
They receive input from the Septal Nuclei via the Stria Medullaris Thalami.
What nucleus is indicated by the white arrow? What section of the Diencephalon is it a part of?

What activity is it involved with?
The Subthalamic Nucleus, of the Subthalamus.

It is involved in motor control.
Lesions in the Subthalamic Nucleus can produce Hemiballismus.
What section of the Diencephalon is indicated by the white arrow?
(all the coloured bits)
Broadly, what is it involved in?
The Hypothalamus.

It is involved with the control of visceral function and the maintenance of homeostasis, while being intimately associated with the Limbic System.