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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Motor Control is the study of what?
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Motor Control is the study of the nature and cause of movement.
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Definition listed on lecture 1 outline.
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Motor Control is dependent on what three things? Expand and contrast.
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1. Perception (Senses)
Have to think about moving from point A to point B. 2. Cognition (understanding and reasoning) How do I get from point A to Point B. 3. Motor Capability (action) The muscle have to be able to contract in order to get from A to B. |
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What are the two anatomical divisions of the nervous system?
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CNS & PNS
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only the names of the divisions
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What makes up the CNS?
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the brain and the spinal cord
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What makes up the PNS?
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Cranial and spinal nerves
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What are the physiological divisions of the nervous system?
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Somatic and automatic
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Just list the names
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What is the function of the somatic division?
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The somatic division innervates the body wall, skin, and muscles. Mostly voluntary
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What is the function of the Autonomic division?
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The autonomic divsion-
central and peripheral nerves innervate organs, blood vessels. Mostly involuntary |
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What are the two parts of the autonomic Nervous system?
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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic?
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What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?
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The sympathetic arouses the body. If something alarms, enrages, or challenges you (such as a longed-for job interview) the sympathetic system will accelerate your heartbeat , raise your blood pressure, slow digestion, raise blood sugar, and cool you with perspiration, making you alert and ready for action. (Lie-detection machines measure stress responses which sometimes also accompany lies.)
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"arousing"
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What is the difference between a nerve and a neuron.
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A neuron is one specialized cell that conducts impulses through electrical and chemical processes.
A nerve is a lot of neurons grouped together outside the CNS. |
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What is the difference between a nerve and a tract?
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A tract is a group of nerves with the same information/type of information being transmitted.
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Do neurons multiply?
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no
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Do neurons need oxygen?
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yes
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Name the two types of neurons, tell what kind of impulses they send and which direction they go.
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Efferent neurons send a motor impulse to glands or muscles and are descending.
Afferent send a sensory impulse and are ascending. |
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How many neurons are in a typical motor impulse?
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2- One UMN and one LMN
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How many neurons are in a typical sensory impulse?
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Three.
1st order neuron, 2nd order neuron, and 3rd order neuron. |
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What is the name of a neuron cell body?
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Soma
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What is the name for a bundle/collection/group of cell bodies?
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ganglia
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What color are cell bodies?
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grey
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Why is white matter white?
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Myelin on axons
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What are tracts?
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bundles of axons belonging to neurons that appear white. They are pathways for information in the CNS (brain and spinal cord) and can be ascending(sensory) or descending (motor).
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Where does one neuron connect to another?
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at a synapse
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What flows across the synapse?
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Ions flow across the membranes which is an electrical current.
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What are the 3 main parts of a neuron.
Be able to name them and label them on a picture |
Dendrites
Axon Cell Body |
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In what part of the neuron are the following found?
Myelin Nodes of Ranvier Nucleus Nissl granules |
Myelin- axon
Nodes of R.-axon Nucleus- cell body Nissl- cell body |
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What is it called when a neuron supplies enough stimulus to another neuron or muscle to allow sodium ions to move into the cell and reverse polarity?
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Action potential
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What is it called where a motor neuron comes into close contact with a skeletal muscle cell?
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Nueromuscular Junction or
Mylonueral junction |
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What is the name of the chemical released by neurons to stimulate or inhibit other neurons or effector cells?
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Neurotransmitter
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What are the two types of action potentials?
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Excitatory Presynaptic Potential (PSP)
Inhibitory Presynaptic Potential (PSP) |
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How is it determined which action potential will be produced?
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Whichever one is the strongest
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How are action potentials measured?
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Temporal Summation- repetition of the same stimulus in the same place. This builds over time.
Spatial Summation- repetitions of the same stimulus at the same time but in different spaces. Adds up for a stronger muscle contraction. (The cell becomes more negative, depolarization occurs and it's more likely to fire.) |
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When axons of a motor neuron branch to adhere to a sarcolema, what is that called?
(site of contact between the axon and a muscle fiber) |
motor endplate
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What is the name of the auto immune disease when there is no action potential at the neuromuscular junction
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myasthenia gravis
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What 2 filaments connect to cause a muscle contraction?
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actin and myosin
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Can an axon divide and innervate hundreds of muscle fibers?
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yes
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Do peripheral nerves contain sensory, motor, or both?
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both
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What is the connective tissue around 1 axon called?
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Endoneurium
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Connective tissue around fasicles of axons
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perineurium
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Connective tissue around groups of fasicles
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Epineurium
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What body chart shows what nerve our skin sensation travels on?
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Dermatone
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What body chart shows which nerve causes motor movement in a muscle?
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myotome
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Name the vertebral spinal roots are involved in the "slap, slap, slide"
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C1-T2
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Where does cervical spine C8 exit?
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Below c-8?
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Are cranial nerves part of the CNS?
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No
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Are spinal nerves part of the CNS?
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No
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Are tracts part of the CNS?
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yes
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Where do cranial nerves enter and exit?
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The brain stem
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Do cranial nerves carry motor and sensory information?
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Yes between the head and the ANS
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What are neurons that send messages from the cortex tot he ventral horn?
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UMN
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Neurons that send messages from the ventral horn to a muscle
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LMN
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1. Epineurium- connective tissue around groups of fasicles forming a nerve.
2. Perineurium- surrounding bundles of axons called fasicles 3. Endoneurium- connective tissue around one axon |
Name these three structures on the peripheral Nerve and define them
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E.P.E.
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