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55 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Layers of the Scalp

S: Skull


C: Connective Tissue (with vessels)


A: Aponeurosis of Epicranial Fascia between


Frontal and Occipital Bellies of


Occipitofrontalis


L: Loose Connective Tissue - allows movement


P: Pericranium

Parts of the Calvaria

- Frontal


- Parietal


- Temporal


- Occipital


- Sphenoid (internally)

Thinnest Part of the Skull

Pterion:


- where frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bone meet.


- overlies the Middle Meningeal Artery: once ruptured, extradural haematoma occurs.

Features of the Anterior Cranial Fossa:


- Frontal Crest


- Crista Galli


- Cribriform Plate


- Anterior Clinoid Process


- Optic Canal

- Frontal Crest & Crista Galli = attachments for Falx Cerebri


- Cribriform Plate (lateral to Cribriform Plate on either sides) = exit for olfactory nerve fibres


- Anterior Clinoid Process (posteriorly as a margin for the Anterior Cranial Fossa) = attachment for Tentorium Cerebelli


- Optic Canal (medial to the Anterior Clinoid Processes) = optic nerve & opthalmic artery pass

Sella Turcica


- what contains what?



- Sella Turcica contains a deep central Hypophyseal Fossa containing the Pituitary Gland

Layers of the Meninges

1. Dura Mater


2. Arachnoid Mater


(3. Subarachnoid Space)


4. Pia Mater

Dura Mater

- Outermost fibrous coat


- periosteal layer: firmly attached to the skull


- meningeal layer: closer to arachnoid, the only layer that continues to the spine, forms 2 dural partitions




- 2 layers separated in the brain --> sinuses = to reabsorb CSF

Arachnoid Mater

- membrane loosely envelopes the brain


- contains arachnoid granulations = accumulation of arachnoid villi = act as one-way flap to push CSF into Venous System

Pia Mater

vascular layer firmly adherent to surface of CNS & closely follows contours

Subarachnoid Space




- why does it exist?




- what does it contain?

- between arachnoid and pia mater, because arachnoid loosely envelopes the brain, while pia mater is firmly adherent to the brain




- contains CSF which circulates & vasculature


- trabeculae also extend from arachnoid to pia to support the space

Dural Attachments


- Attachment site & direction


- Function

Falx Cerebri


- anteriorly to Frontal Crest and Crista Galli --> posteriorly joins Tentorium Cerebelli


- fx: stops excessive movements in 2 cerebral hemispheres




Tentorium Cerebelli


- posteriorly to occipital bone


- laterally to petrous temporal


- anteriorly to Ant & Post Clinoid Processes


- fx: reduces weight of cerebrum to prevent damage to cerebellum

Lobes of the Brain

1. Frontal Lobe


2. Parietal Lobes


3. Temporal Lobe


4. Occipital Lobe


5. Insula

Fissures between Lobes in the Brain

- Separating the Left and Right Hemispheres = Great Longitudinal Fissure


- Separating Frontal & Parietal = Central Sulcus


- Separating Temporal from others = Lateral S


- Parieto-Occipital Sulcus: only visible MEDIALLY = separated parietal from occipital lobe

Functional Organisation of the Brain: Motor

- Pre-Central Gyrus = Primary Motor Cortex (Temporal)


= contraction of muscles on the OPPOSITE side of the body




- 2 association areas: supplementary cortex (medial) & premotor cortex (lateral)


= plan & programme skilled motor actions & direct Primary Motor Cortex to Execute actions

Functional Organisation: Somatosensory Cortex

- Post Central Gyrus = Primary Cortex (Parietal)


= general sensory info from OPPOSITE side




- association area POSTERIORLY


= interpreting incoming signals

Functional Organisation: Visual Cortex

- Occipital Lobe: around the Calcarine Sulcus


= opposite vision




- Visual Association Area: orientation, perceive moving objects etc.

Functional Organisation: Auditory Cortex

Superior Temporal Gyrus (beneath both central gyri)

Functional Organisation: Language Area

- Left Hemisphere = dominant in majority




- Broca's Motor: in front of primary motor cortex


= speaking & writing




- Wernicke's Sensory: /./ Visual & Auditory


= hearing & reading

Association Fibres

Interconnect CORTICAL sites within 1 hemisphere


- short association: run within 1 lobe


- long association: run BETWEEN lobes

Commisural Fibres

run BETWEEN hemispheres


e.g. Corpus Callosum

Projection FIbres

link Cerebral Cortex to Spinal Cord


e.g. Internal Capsule

Basal Ganglia

- Caudate Nucleus (biggest)


- Lentiform Nucleus:


> Putamen (laterally)


> Globus Pellidus (medially)


- Subthalamic Nucleus


- Substantia Nigra



Thalamus


- separated from basal ganglia by...?

- internal capsule separates thalamus from other basal ganglia




- relay system transmitting sensory information to cortex




- interact with motor and limbic system

Internal Structures of the Brain


Stria Terminalis

- major output band of fibres from amygdala to hypothalamus



Ventricles

- 2 left and right Lateral Ventricles


> interconnected by a thin tissue = Septum Pellucidum


- 3rd ventricle downwards from lateral ventricles via Interventricular Foramen of Monro


- 4th ventricle extended downwards from Cerebral Aqueduct

Foramen of Ventricles

- Foramen of Luschka - bilateral = channels to subarachnoid space = allow flow of CSF




- Foramen of Magendie - medially = channels for CSF

CSF

- Cerebrospinal Fluid produced from Choroid Plexus = present in all ventricles, but most from lateral ventricles due to largest area




- provides mechanical support to the brain


- supply route for metabolites to enter and leave neurones


- allows circulation of neurotransmitters

Functions of Limbic System

5Fs:


feeling


fleeing


feeding


f*cking


fighting

Anatomy of Limbic System




- General Location


- Fornix


- Mammilary Bodies


- Entorhinal Cortex

- forms a ring around Corpus Callosum:


Cingulate Gyrus (superiorly) + Parahippocampal




- Fornix: Hippocampus --> Mamillary Body




- Mammillary Bodies: part of hypothalamus involved in Memory Formation




- Entorhinal Cortex: medially for Spatial Input, Latearlly for nonspatial input

Limbic System:


Hypothalamus

- for homeostasis & motivation


- releases factors on pituitary:


> ADH< Oxytocin, GnRH etc.



Limbic System:


Hippocampal Formation (aka Hippocampus)

- found in temporal lobe


- receives info from all sensory association areas


- for memory formation & learning


- when info is important or desire to learn, hippocampus inputs necessary signals

Limbic System:


Pineal Gland

- synthesises melatonin & induces changes in hypothalamus, pituitary glands, and gonads




- regulates circadian rhythm & increases during sleep

Limbic System:


Amygdala

- near tip of caudate nucleus


- emotion component for experience & memory & sex drives


- ability to recognise fear in others


- integrative function between perception & emotion



Functions of Cerebellum

- maintenance of balance


- influences muscle tone & posture


- involved with muscle coordination

Anatomy of Cerebellum:

- Folds on Cerebellum = Folia




- narrow band of cortex = vermis




- 4 nuclei: Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigial

Internal of Cerebellum

- Outer Dark Matter = Cerebellar Cortex containing Purkinje Cells




- Inner White Matter: Arbor Vitae




- connected to Brainstem by Peduncles

Structures of Brain Stem

- Midbrain


- Pons


- Medulla Oblongata

Top Part of Brain Stem consists of...

Anteriorly:


- Infundibulum for Pituitary Gland


- Mamillary Bodies


- Cerebral Peduncles: connects Pons to Cerebellum




Posteriorly:


- Pineal Gland


- Superior Coliculi (bilaterally): Visual Reflex


- Inferior Coliculi (bilaterally): Auditory Reflex

Middle Part of Brain Stem

Pons:


- Consists of Transverse Pontine Fibres originating from Pontine Nuclei --> Ventral Pons to enter Cerebellar Hemispheres




- Posteriorly: Cerebellar Peduncles


> Superior: to midbrain


> Middle: to Pons


> inferior: to medulla o

Bottom Part of Brain Stem

Anteriorly:


- Medullary Pyramids


- Olives: involved in control of movement


- Decussation of Pyramids: crossing over of fibres




Posteriorly = Dorsal Columns


> Medially: Gracilis


> Laterally: Cuneatus

Blood Supply to Brain

- Circle of Willis:


> Anterior Cerebral Artery (F & P)


> Middle Cerebral Artery (Lateral Surfaces)


> Posterior Cerebral Artery (Occ & Temporal)


> Anterior & Posterior Communicating Arteries




- Vertebral Arteries unite at jx of Medulla to Pons


> Anterior & Posterior Spinal Arteries


> Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery


= inferior cerebellum




- As Vertebral Arteries unite --> Basilar Artery


> Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery


> Superior Cerebellar Arteries


> Midway at Pons = Pontine Arteries

Cranial Nerves: I

I. Olfactory


- Special Sensory: Smell


- Cranial Exit: Cribriform Plate


- the 1 of 2 nerves that comes from forebrain


therefore is part of CNS = covered by meningeal coverings & oligodendrocites = able to repair

Cranial Nerves: II

II. Optic


- Special Sensory: Sight


- Cranial Exit: Optic Canal


- the 2nd nerve that comes from forebraintherefore is part of CNS = covered by meningeal coverings & oligodendrocites = able to repair

Cranial Nerves: III

III. Occulomotor


- Motor: 4 muscles the move the eyeballs


> Superior, Medial and Inferior Rectus &


Inferior Oblique





- Visceral Motor: Parasympathetic to


Constrictor Pupillae




- Cranial Exit: Superior Orbital Fissure

Cranial Nerves: IV

IV. Trochlea


- Motor: superior oblique that controls


movement of eyeball




- Cranial Exit: Superior Orbital Fissure

Cranial Nerves: V

V. Trigeminal


- Mixed function


> Sensory: Face


> Motor: Muscles of Mastication




V1: Opthalmic (Exits at Superior Orbital Fissure)


V2: Maxillary (F. Rotundum)


V3: Mandibular (F. Ovale)

Cranial Nerves: VI

VI. Abducens


- Motor: lateral rectus muscle of the eyeball




- Exit: Superior Orbital FIssure

Cranial Nerves: VII

VII. Facial Nerve (Mixed Function)




- Motor: Facial Expression




- Parasympathetic (Motor)


> Salivary Glands & Lacrimal Gland


> NOT PAROTID Gland




- Special Sensory: Taste: Anterior 2/3 Tongue




- Exits at Internal Acoustic Meatus

Cranial Nerves: VIII

VIII. Vestibulocochlear (Mixed Function)


- Special Sensory


> Vestibule --> Balance


> Cochlear --> Hearing




- Exits at Internal Acoustic Meatus

Cranial Nerves: IX

IX: Glossopharyngeal (Mixed)


- Motor: Pharynx Muscle


- Parasympathetic: Parotid Gland


- Visceral Sensory: Carotid Sinus & Bodies


- Somatic Sensory:


Posterior 1/3 tongue & Oral Pharynx, Tonsil...


- Special Sensory: Posteterior 1/3 Tongue




- Cranial Exit: Jugular Foramen

Cranial Nerves: X

X: Vagus




- Visceral Motor (Parasympathetic):


Head to Splenic Flexure of Gut




-Motor: Pharynx and Larynx (for speech and swallowing)




- Sensory: Larynx & Laryngopharynx




- Visceral Sensory: Aortic Arch / Body




- Cranial Exit: Jugular Foramen

Cranial Nerves: XI

XI: Accessory Spinal Nerve


- Motor Fx: Trapezius & Sternocleidomastoid




- Cranial Exit: Jugular Foramen

Cranial Nerves: XII

XII: Hypoglossal Nerve


- Motor: muscles of the tongue




- Cranial Exit: Hypoglossal Canal

Cranial Nerve Nuclei:


- where are they situated?

- Occulomotor & Trochlea = Midbrain (near superior and inferior coliculi)




- Trigeminal:


> Sensory Nuclei: spans along midbrain to


medulla


> Motor: Pons (near peduncles)



- Abducens & Facial: Pons




- Salivary Nuclei (to Nerves VII and IX) = Pons




- Vestibulocochlear = Pons




- Nucleus Ambiguus = (nerves VII and X) to Pharynx = Medulla




- Nucleus Solitrius = nerves VII & IX for taste fibres (and IX and X for larynx and pharynx) = medulla




- Hypoglossal nucleus = central medulla




- Dorsal Motor Nucleus of Vagus = Medulla

Spinal Segments

7 Cervical Vertebrae (8 cervical nerves)


12 Thoracic Vertebrae


5 Lumbar Vertebrae


5 Sacral Vertebrae


1 Coccyx + Coccygeal Nerve