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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Layers of the Scalp |
S: Skull C: Connective Tissue (with vessels) A: Aponeurosis of Epicranial Fascia between Frontal and Occipital Bellies of Occipitofrontalis L: Loose Connective Tissue - allows movement P: Pericranium |
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Parts of the Calvaria |
- Frontal - Parietal - Temporal - Occipital - Sphenoid (internally) |
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Thinnest Part of the Skull |
Pterion: - where frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bone meet. - overlies the Middle Meningeal Artery: once ruptured, extradural haematoma occurs. |
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Features of the Anterior Cranial Fossa: - Frontal Crest - Crista Galli - Cribriform Plate - Anterior Clinoid Process - Optic Canal |
- Frontal Crest & Crista Galli = attachments for Falx Cerebri - Cribriform Plate (lateral to Cribriform Plate on either sides) = exit for olfactory nerve fibres - Anterior Clinoid Process (posteriorly as a margin for the Anterior Cranial Fossa) = attachment for Tentorium Cerebelli - Optic Canal (medial to the Anterior Clinoid Processes) = optic nerve & opthalmic artery pass |
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Sella Turcica - what contains what? |
- Sella Turcica contains a deep central Hypophyseal Fossa containing the Pituitary Gland |
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Layers of the Meninges |
1. Dura Mater 2. Arachnoid Mater (3. Subarachnoid Space) 4. Pia Mater |
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Dura Mater |
- Outermost fibrous coat - periosteal layer: firmly attached to the skull - meningeal layer: closer to arachnoid, the only layer that continues to the spine, forms 2 dural partitions - 2 layers separated in the brain --> sinuses = to reabsorb CSF |
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Arachnoid Mater |
- membrane loosely envelopes the brain - contains arachnoid granulations = accumulation of arachnoid villi = act as one-way flap to push CSF into Venous System |
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Pia Mater |
vascular layer firmly adherent to surface of CNS & closely follows contours |
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Subarachnoid Space - why does it exist? - what does it contain? |
- between arachnoid and pia mater, because arachnoid loosely envelopes the brain, while pia mater is firmly adherent to the brain - contains CSF which circulates & vasculature - trabeculae also extend from arachnoid to pia to support the space |
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Dural Attachments - Attachment site & direction - Function |
Falx Cerebri - anteriorly to Frontal Crest and Crista Galli --> posteriorly joins Tentorium Cerebelli - fx: stops excessive movements in 2 cerebral hemispheres Tentorium Cerebelli - posteriorly to occipital bone - laterally to petrous temporal - anteriorly to Ant & Post Clinoid Processes - fx: reduces weight of cerebrum to prevent damage to cerebellum |
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Lobes of the Brain |
1. Frontal Lobe 2. Parietal Lobes 3. Temporal Lobe 4. Occipital Lobe 5. Insula |
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Fissures between Lobes in the Brain |
- Separating the Left and Right Hemispheres = Great Longitudinal Fissure - Separating Frontal & Parietal = Central Sulcus - Separating Temporal from others = Lateral S - Parieto-Occipital Sulcus: only visible MEDIALLY = separated parietal from occipital lobe |
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Functional Organisation of the Brain: Motor |
- Pre-Central Gyrus = Primary Motor Cortex (Temporal) = contraction of muscles on the OPPOSITE side of the body - 2 association areas: supplementary cortex (medial) & premotor cortex (lateral) = plan & programme skilled motor actions & direct Primary Motor Cortex to Execute actions |
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Functional Organisation: Somatosensory Cortex |
- Post Central Gyrus = Primary Cortex (Parietal) = general sensory info from OPPOSITE side - association area POSTERIORLY = interpreting incoming signals |
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Functional Organisation: Visual Cortex |
- Occipital Lobe: around the Calcarine Sulcus = opposite vision - Visual Association Area: orientation, perceive moving objects etc. |
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Functional Organisation: Auditory Cortex |
Superior Temporal Gyrus (beneath both central gyri) |
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Functional Organisation: Language Area |
- Left Hemisphere = dominant in majority - Broca's Motor: in front of primary motor cortex = speaking & writing - Wernicke's Sensory: /./ Visual & Auditory = hearing & reading |
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Association Fibres |
Interconnect CORTICAL sites within 1 hemisphere - short association: run within 1 lobe - long association: run BETWEEN lobes |
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Commisural Fibres |
run BETWEEN hemispheres e.g. Corpus Callosum |
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Projection FIbres |
link Cerebral Cortex to Spinal Cord e.g. Internal Capsule |
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Basal Ganglia |
- Caudate Nucleus (biggest) - Lentiform Nucleus: > Putamen (laterally) > Globus Pellidus (medially) - Subthalamic Nucleus - Substantia Nigra |
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Thalamus - separated from basal ganglia by...? |
- internal capsule separates thalamus from other basal ganglia - relay system transmitting sensory information to cortex - interact with motor and limbic system |
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Internal Structures of the Brain Stria Terminalis |
- major output band of fibres from amygdala to hypothalamus |
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Ventricles |
- 2 left and right Lateral Ventricles > interconnected by a thin tissue = Septum Pellucidum - 3rd ventricle downwards from lateral ventricles via Interventricular Foramen of Monro - 4th ventricle extended downwards from Cerebral Aqueduct |
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Foramen of Ventricles |
- Foramen of Luschka - bilateral = channels to subarachnoid space = allow flow of CSF - Foramen of Magendie - medially = channels for CSF |
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CSF |
- Cerebrospinal Fluid produced from Choroid Plexus = present in all ventricles, but most from lateral ventricles due to largest area - provides mechanical support to the brain - supply route for metabolites to enter and leave neurones - allows circulation of neurotransmitters |
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Functions of Limbic System |
5Fs: feeling fleeing feeding f*cking fighting |
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Anatomy of Limbic System - General Location - Fornix - Mammilary Bodies - Entorhinal Cortex |
- forms a ring around Corpus Callosum: Cingulate Gyrus (superiorly) + Parahippocampal - Fornix: Hippocampus --> Mamillary Body - Mammillary Bodies: part of hypothalamus involved in Memory Formation - Entorhinal Cortex: medially for Spatial Input, Latearlly for nonspatial input |
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Limbic System: Hypothalamus |
- for homeostasis & motivation - releases factors on pituitary: > ADH< Oxytocin, GnRH etc. |
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Limbic System: Hippocampal Formation (aka Hippocampus) |
- found in temporal lobe - receives info from all sensory association areas - for memory formation & learning - when info is important or desire to learn, hippocampus inputs necessary signals |
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Limbic System: Pineal Gland |
- synthesises melatonin & induces changes in hypothalamus, pituitary glands, and gonads - regulates circadian rhythm & increases during sleep |
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Limbic System: Amygdala |
- near tip of caudate nucleus - emotion component for experience & memory & sex drives - ability to recognise fear in others - integrative function between perception & emotion |
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Functions of Cerebellum |
- maintenance of balance - influences muscle tone & posture - involved with muscle coordination |
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Anatomy of Cerebellum: |
- Folds on Cerebellum = Folia - narrow band of cortex = vermis - 4 nuclei: Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigial |
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Internal of Cerebellum |
- Outer Dark Matter = Cerebellar Cortex containing Purkinje Cells - Inner White Matter: Arbor Vitae - connected to Brainstem by Peduncles |
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Structures of Brain Stem
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- Midbrain - Pons - Medulla Oblongata |
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Top Part of Brain Stem consists of... |
Anteriorly: - Infundibulum for Pituitary Gland - Mamillary Bodies - Cerebral Peduncles: connects Pons to Cerebellum Posteriorly: - Pineal Gland - Superior Coliculi (bilaterally): Visual Reflex - Inferior Coliculi (bilaterally): Auditory Reflex |
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Middle Part of Brain Stem |
Pons: - Consists of Transverse Pontine Fibres originating from Pontine Nuclei --> Ventral Pons to enter Cerebellar Hemispheres - Posteriorly: Cerebellar Peduncles > Superior: to midbrain > Middle: to Pons > inferior: to medulla o |
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Bottom Part of Brain Stem |
Anteriorly: - Medullary Pyramids - Olives: involved in control of movement - Decussation of Pyramids: crossing over of fibres Posteriorly = Dorsal Columns > Medially: Gracilis > Laterally: Cuneatus |
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Blood Supply to Brain |
- Circle of Willis: > Anterior Cerebral Artery (F & P) > Middle Cerebral Artery (Lateral Surfaces) > Posterior Cerebral Artery (Occ & Temporal) > Anterior & Posterior Communicating Arteries - Vertebral Arteries unite at jx of Medulla to Pons > Anterior & Posterior Spinal Arteries > Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery = inferior cerebellum - As Vertebral Arteries unite --> Basilar Artery > Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery > Superior Cerebellar Arteries > Midway at Pons = Pontine Arteries |
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Cranial Nerves: I |
I. Olfactory - Special Sensory: Smell - Cranial Exit: Cribriform Plate - the 1 of 2 nerves that comes from forebrain therefore is part of CNS = covered by meningeal coverings & oligodendrocites = able to repair |
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Cranial Nerves: II |
II. Optic - Special Sensory: Sight - Cranial Exit: Optic Canal - the 2nd nerve that comes from forebraintherefore is part of CNS = covered by meningeal coverings & oligodendrocites = able to repair |
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Cranial Nerves: III |
III. Occulomotor - Motor: 4 muscles the move the eyeballs > Superior, Medial and Inferior Rectus & Inferior Oblique
- Visceral Motor: Parasympathetic to Constrictor Pupillae - Cranial Exit: Superior Orbital Fissure |
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Cranial Nerves: IV |
IV. Trochlea - Motor: superior oblique that controls movement of eyeball - Cranial Exit: Superior Orbital Fissure |
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Cranial Nerves: V |
V. Trigeminal - Mixed function > Sensory: Face > Motor: Muscles of Mastication V1: Opthalmic (Exits at Superior Orbital Fissure) V2: Maxillary (F. Rotundum) V3: Mandibular (F. Ovale) |
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Cranial Nerves: VI |
VI. Abducens - Motor: lateral rectus muscle of the eyeball - Exit: Superior Orbital FIssure |
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Cranial Nerves: VII |
VII. Facial Nerve (Mixed Function) - Motor: Facial Expression - Parasympathetic (Motor) > Salivary Glands & Lacrimal Gland > NOT PAROTID Gland - Special Sensory: Taste: Anterior 2/3 Tongue - Exits at Internal Acoustic Meatus |
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Cranial Nerves: VIII |
VIII. Vestibulocochlear (Mixed Function) - Special Sensory > Vestibule --> Balance > Cochlear --> Hearing - Exits at Internal Acoustic Meatus |
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Cranial Nerves: IX |
IX: Glossopharyngeal (Mixed) - Motor: Pharynx Muscle - Parasympathetic: Parotid Gland - Visceral Sensory: Carotid Sinus & Bodies - Somatic Sensory: Posterior 1/3 tongue & Oral Pharynx, Tonsil... - Special Sensory: Posteterior 1/3 Tongue - Cranial Exit: Jugular Foramen |
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Cranial Nerves: X |
X: Vagus - Visceral Motor (Parasympathetic): Head to Splenic Flexure of Gut -Motor: Pharynx and Larynx (for speech and swallowing) - Sensory: Larynx & Laryngopharynx - Visceral Sensory: Aortic Arch / Body - Cranial Exit: Jugular Foramen |
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Cranial Nerves: XI |
XI: Accessory Spinal Nerve - Motor Fx: Trapezius & Sternocleidomastoid - Cranial Exit: Jugular Foramen |
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Cranial Nerves: XII |
XII: Hypoglossal Nerve - Motor: muscles of the tongue - Cranial Exit: Hypoglossal Canal |
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Cranial Nerve Nuclei: - where are they situated? |
- Occulomotor & Trochlea = Midbrain (near superior and inferior coliculi) - Trigeminal: > Sensory Nuclei: spans along midbrain to medulla > Motor: Pons (near peduncles)
- Abducens & Facial: Pons - Salivary Nuclei (to Nerves VII and IX) = Pons - Vestibulocochlear = Pons - Nucleus Ambiguus = (nerves VII and X) to Pharynx = Medulla - Nucleus Solitrius = nerves VII & IX for taste fibres (and IX and X for larynx and pharynx) = medulla - Hypoglossal nucleus = central medulla - Dorsal Motor Nucleus of Vagus = Medulla |
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Spinal Segments |
7 Cervical Vertebrae (8 cervical nerves) 12 Thoracic Vertebrae 5 Lumbar Vertebrae 5 Sacral Vertebrae 1 Coccyx + Coccygeal Nerve |