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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the anterior pituitary derived from?
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Rathkes pouch from roof of developing pharynx
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Where does the neurohypophysis come from?
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evagination from floor of 3rd ventricle
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What part of the 3rd ventricle does the hypothalamus form?
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inferior walls and floor
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The hypothalamic sulcus separates what?
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hypothalamus and thalamus
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Where does the tuber cinereum reside?
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bulge between optic chiasm and the mamillary bodies
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Where do the mamillary bodies reside in relation to the hypothalamus?
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posterior to it
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What does the infundibulum arise from?
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tuber cinereum and is the pituitary stalk
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Where does the median eminence arise from? What happens here?
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1) arises from anterior infundibulum
2) point where hypothalamus releases hormones to portal system |
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What are the boundaries for the pituitary fossa? What is the other name?
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1) anterior clinoid process and posterior clinoid process and laterally by the cavernous sinus
2) sella turcica |
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What sinus is immediately deep to the sella turcica?
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sphenoid sinus
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What covers the top of the pituitary fossa?
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dura called diaphragma sella
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What type of vision loss occurs with a pituitary tumor?
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bitemporal hemianopia
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What divides the hypothalamus into medial and lateral portions?
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fibers from the fornix that begin in the supraoptic nucleus and end in the mamillary body
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There is a diffuse group of fibers in the hypothalamus that interconnect areas of the hypothalamus and areas outside the hypothalamus. What are the fibers called?
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medial forebrain bundle runs rostral caudally
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What is the most medial nucleus in the thalamus that borders the 3rd ventricle?
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periventricular nucleus
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Where is the preoptic nucleus derived from?
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telencephelon
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What runs superior to the medial and lateral preoptic nuclei
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anterior commisure
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Which nuclei are most rostral in the hypothalamus?
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preoptic nucleus
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The supraoptic region is also called?
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anterior hypothalamic region
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Which nuclei are found in the anterior hypothalamic region?
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anterior hypothalamic nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus
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What is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus? Which region is the nucleus in?
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1) master clock regulating circadian rhythm by recieving info from retinal ganglion cells
2) anterior region |
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What is the tuberal region also known as? Which nuclei compose it?
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1) middle region
2) arcuate nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus |
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Which nucleus projects mainly to the median eminence? Which region is the nucleus in?
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1) arcuate nucleus
2) middle region |
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What is the posterior hypothalamic region also called? What nuclei are found in this region
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1) mammilary region
2) medial mammillary nucleus, intermediate mammillary nucleus, posterior hypothalamic nucleus |
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Which nuclei do descending autonomic fibers primarily originate from?
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1) primarily paraventricular nucleus, also dorsomedial nucleus
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Where do descending autonomic fibers synapse?
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1) preganglionic parasympathetic nuclei in brainstem
2) intermediate zone of sacral spinal cord 3) preganglionic sympathetic neurons in intermediolateral cell column of thoracolumbar spinal cord |
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The subiculum is part of the hippocampal formation and projects to the hypothalamus via?
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the fornix
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What connects the anterior thalamic nucleus with the mammillary bodies? Where do the fibers go from the thalamic nucleus
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1) mammillothalamic tract
2) limbic cortex in cingulate gyrus |
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How is the amygdala connected with the hypothalamus?
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via 2 tracts:
1) stria terminalis 2) ventral amygdalofugal pathway |
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Some that is depressed may have a depressed immune system what pathway to the hypothalamus may mediate this? What other symptoms may occur via this pathway?
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1) limbic-hypothalamic pathway has effect on autonomics which may impact immune system function
2) emotional stimuli causing sweaty palms and stomach churning via autonomic stimulation |
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How does the ventral lateral preoptic area contribute to nonREM sleep?
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It has GABAergic neurons that project to the tuberomamillary nucleus that inhibit histaminergic neurons
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A lesion to the lateral hypothalamus may cause what?
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weight loss because this area is important in appetite stimulation
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What is the function of the medial hypothalamus?
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appetite suppression, lesions can cause obesity
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Leptin is released from adipocytes to signal sateity where does this hormone go?
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binds Ob receptors in hypothalamus regulating food intake
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If someone has lesion to the lateral hypothalamus what symptom may they present with?
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dehydration, this controls water intake
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What function does the anterior hypothalamus have in terms of body temp?
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detects increased body temp and thus activates heat dissipating pathways
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bilateral lesions of the posterior hypothalamus are associated with what?
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poikilothermia in which body temp varies with environment because heat conservation is produced here
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Describe the flow of blood to and from the pituitary?
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internal carotid gives rise to the inferior and superior hypophysial arteries. The superior artery ends at the median eminance when it forms the primary capillary plexus. The hypophysial portal veins take the blood to the secondary capillary plexus. Veins leave this plexus and enter cavernous sinus. Both inferior and superior hyposphysial arteries go to posterior pituitary
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What nuclei project to the median eminence?
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1) primarily arcuate, then periventricular, medial preoptic, and paraventricular a little
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are most pituitary tumors benign or malignant?
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benign glandular tumors typically of anterior pituitary
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What is the mean age for presenting with pituitary adenoma?
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40
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Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas typically cause what? how?
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headache from irritation of pain fibers in the cavernous sinus
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What is the most common pituitary tumor?
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prolactin secreting tumor followed by ACTH then GH
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What can be given to treat prolactinomas?
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bromocriptine and cabergoline
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What can be given to treat GH secreting tumor?
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octreotide
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What are general presenting symptoms of men and women with prolactinoma?
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1) amenorrhea
2) hypogonadism (men) 3) galactorrhea, infertility, hair loss, decreased libido, weight gain |
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The dexamethasone suppression test is given at night. Why is only a small amount initially given? When a large does is given what happens?
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1) to try and suppress cortisol levels measured in urine the next morning.
2) suppresses pituitary tumors, but not ectopic ACTH tumors or adrenal tumors |
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Besides dexamethasone what else can be given to determine where the tumor is?
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CRH can be given. it increases plasma ACTH and cortisol in pituitary tumors but not in ectopic tumors or adrenal tumors
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In petrosal sinus sampling ACTH is typically 2 to 3 times higher in one vein. When CRH is administered during this procedure ACTH rises. Which vein will have a larger increase in ACTH with CRH?
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The contralateral side to the tumor because it is being suppressed then all of the sudden it gets a huge stimulus to release a large amount of ACTH
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In primary hyperthyroidism are TSH levels high or low?
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low... primary is Graves, thyroiditis, thyroid adenomas
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myxedema coma occurs in what?
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hypothyroidism
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What are common manifestations of LH and FSH secreting tumors?
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hypogonadism and infertility with high or low estradiol and testosterone
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To treat SIADH hypertonic saline is given. What is an adverse reaction if given too rapidly?
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central pontine myelinolysis
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What is pituitary apoplexy? What are presenting symptoms?
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1) spontaneous hemorrhage
2) headache, meningeal signs, unilateral or bilateral cavernous sinus syndrome, vision loss, hypotension, depressed consciousness |