Neuro Sensations And Disturbances Of Taste & Smell

Front 1

Smell and taste both involve which type of receptors?

Back 1

Chemoreceptors

Front 2

How many olfactory receptors are there in each side of the superior portion of the nasal chamber?

Back 2

50 million

Front 3

What does this amount to in surface area?

Back 3

10 cm2

Front 4

Odors are receptor specific T or F

Back 4

True

Front 5

What is the turnover rate for these receptors?

Back 5

Every 4 to 8 weeks

Front 6

Odors need to be in solution in order to be detected. Which glands provide an aqueous media for this process?

Back 6

Mucosal glands

Front 7

Olfactory receptors pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to synapse on two types of cells, which are they?

Back 7

Mitral cells in the olfactory bulb and tuft cells which transmit impulses internally

Front 8

What are these regions known as?

Back 8

Olfactory glomeruli (2000 in number)

Front 9

9) Odorants dissolve in mucous covered epithelium and bind to _____ of the olfactory receptors?

Back 9

9) Cilia – (this will begin the transduction process)

Front 10

10) Which type of protein will activate adenylate cyclase to form cAMP?

Back 10

10) G-protein (Golfactor)

Front 11

11) What is the action of cAMP?

Back 11

11) It will bind to specific cation channels (Na and Ca) which will activate internal Cl channels (must be at high concentrations) and cause depolarization of the receptor

Front 12

12) Which cells play a role in taking the impulses to the other side?

Back 12

12) Tufted cell

Front 13

13) Name some of the characteristics of the 25 mitral cells which are receiving information in the glomerulus?

Back 13

13) Each receives 1000 receptors, require filtering

Front 14

14) What are the names of the cells that inhibit mitral or tufted cells that aren’t as stimulated?

Back 14

14) Periglomerular cells

Front 15

15) The neurotransmitter that is said to be released during this process?

Back 15

15) Glutamate

Front 16

16) The sensation of smell travels through the thalamus just like other senses T or F?

Back 16

16) False, the sensation of smell does NOT travel through the thalamus like the other sense.

Front 17

17) Pheromones. What are they and where are they found?

Back 17

17) Has nothing to do with olfactory nerves. Respond to chemicals released by the body, located on vomeronasal organs at junction of vomer, perpendicular plate, and nasal septal cartilage.

Front 18

18) What are five characteristics of functions of pheromones?

Back 18

18) Signals for territory mapping, reproductive behavior, identity, induce aggression or submission, and menstrual synchrony

Front 19

19) Vomeronasal organs are innervated by which nerve?

Back 19

19) Trigeminal (GSA)

Front 20

20) Mitral cells that release glutamate stimulate which cells?

Back 20

20) Granule cells

Front 21

21) Granule cells have an inhibitory effect on non-activated mitral cells T or F

Back 21

21) True

Front 22

22) Glomerular regions which are stimulate, inhibit those which are not through the influence of ____ releasing cells called tufted or _____ cells?

Back 22

22) GABA, periglomerular

Front 23

23) Periglomerular cells can only synapse on one glomerulus T or F?

Back 23

23) False, they can synapse on more than one glomerulus

Front 24

24) What are the two bundles of mitral cell processes called?

Back 24

24) Lateral olfactory stria (also called pyriform cortex) and Medial olfactory stria (medial crosses under the optic chiasm)

Front 25

25) Explain the lateral olfactory stria

Back 25

25) Processes travel to the anterior perforated substance of the cerebral cortex and the amygdala (primary olfactory cortex). These areas then send information to the etorhinal cortex of the parahypocampal gyrus

Front 26

26) What part of the body does behavioral related movement?

Back 26

26) Amygdala

Front 27

27) Explain the medial olfactory stria?

Back 27

27) Processes travel through the anterior comissure (which is located just underneath the optic chiasm) to the opposite olfactory tract and synapse on granule cells, which they excite and mitral cells which they inhibit. This helps determine where the odorant is coming from.

Front 28

28) What is the area called where a lot of fibers go to and where we store information on smell and taste?

Back 28

28) Parietal operculum (cortical region)

Front 29

29) Where do some fibers go after they arrive to the cortex?

Back 29

29) Ventral posterior median nucleus of the thalamus

Front 30

30) What are some causes of anosmia?

Back 30

30) Smoking, hysteria, chronic rhinitis, Kallman’s syndrome, meningiomas

Front 31

31) What is Kallman’s syndrome?

Back 31

31) Congenital absence of olfactory receptors

Front 32

32) What is the most common intracranial tumor?

Back 32

32) Meningiomas

Front 33

33) What are some causes of hyperosmia?

Back 33

33) Pregnancy, menopause, irritation of nasal mucosa

Front 34

34) What are some causes of dysosmia?

Back 34

34) Hallucinations, alcoholic withdrawal, and senility (50% reduction in sense of smell in those over the age of 50)

Front 35

35) What percentage of taste receptors are on the surface of the tongue?

Back 35

35) 75%

Front 36

36) What are some of the functions of saliva?

Back 36

36) Clean surface of tooth, has antibodies, helps lubricate tissues, helps begin digestion.

Front 37

37) Taste buds are modified epithelial cells T or F?

Back 37

37) True

Front 38

38) Describe taste buds (receptors)?

Back 38

38) Located on the surfaces of tongues and the palate and the receptors are specific for sweet, sour, bitter, and salt

Front 39

39) What are three other characteristics about taste receptors?

Back 39

39) They need an aqueous media in order to identify the substance, their turnover rates is every 10-14 days, and they are associated with afferent fibers via three cranial nerves

Front 40

40) Taste receptors are associated with afferent fibers via three cranial nerves. What are they, what do they innervate and where do they have their first order cell bodies?

Back 40

40) Facial (VII) innervates the anterior 2/3 of tongue and palate and first order cell body can be found in the geniculate ganglia. Glossopharyngeal (IX) innervates posterior 1/3 of tongue and first order cell bodies are found in the petrosal ganglia. Vagus (X) innervates the root of the tongue and first order cell bodies are found in the nodose ganglia.

Front 41

41) In the brainstem, where is information or sensation received

Back 41

41) Upper half - taste-gustatory nucleus
Lower half – general visceral sensation

Front 42

42) Filliform papilla have taste buds T or F?

Back 42

42) False

Front 43

43) Describe fungiform papillae?

Back 43

43) 3 taste buds/papillae, cover 24% of the tongue surface

Front 44

44) Describe follate papillae?

Back 44

44) 600 taste buds/papillae, cover 27% of the tongue surface

Front 45

45) Describe cirumvallate papillae?

Back 45

45) 250 taste buds/papillae, make up 48% of all taste buds, and have the highest surface area

Front 46

46) Which nerve innervates mucosa of hard and soft palate?

Back 46

46) Facial nerve carried by V2

Front 47

47) What are the mechanism for taste transduction for salt and sour?

Back 47

47) Stimulus (tastant) passes through ion channels

Front 48

48) For sour and bitter?

Back 48

48) Stimulus binds to and blocks ion channels

Front 49

49) For amino acids

Back 49

49) Stimulus binds to and opens ion channels

Front 50

50) For sweet, bitter, and umami

Back 50

50) Stimulus binds to membrane receptors which activate 2nd messenger systems that in turn open or close channels

Front 51

51) What are some of the primary tastes and some of the things they deal with?

Back 51

51) Sweet – sugar for energy
Salt – deals with internal osmotic envir.
Sour – deals with low pH
Bitter – deals with high pH (most poisons)

Front 52

52) What are some of the secondary tastes and some of the things they deal with?

Back 52

52) Astringency – feels like tissues are being dried out (cranberries)
Pungency – deals with spicy foods (peppers, ginger)
Metallic
Umami – means delicious

Front 53

53) Some cells can be more sensitive to different substances than others T or F?

Back 53

53) True

Front 54

54) What are the structures called at the tip of modified epithelial cells which receive tastant?

Back 54

54) Small cilia

Front 55

55) Describe the specific taste reaction for sweet substances?

Back 55

55) There are a large number of tastants. G-protein activates 2nd messenger IP3 which in turn increases cAMP which leads to release of internal Ca which blocks sensitive K channels which stimulates transmitter release. THIS MAY CAUSE DIRECT OPENING OF CATION CHANNELS

Front 56

56) Describe the specific taste reaction for salty substances?

Back 56

56) Na based tastants. Specific sodium channels (ENaC) which are blocked by diuretic amiloride which is a potassium sparing diuretic. Anions can alter saltiness. Increased anion leads to sweet sensation (sweeter than sugar)

Front 57

57) Describe sourness

Back 57

57) Proton induced (H+). Directly related to pH. H+ can permeate through Na channels and depolarize the receptor cell. Also can block K channels

Front 58

58) Describe bitterness

Back 58

58) Poison or toxin detectors. There are multiple mechanisms: Can bind and block K channels (Ca, Quinine) and open voltage gated calcium channels. Can bind to 2nd messenger (T2R) receptor which activates G-protein receptor (Gustducin) which leads to decreased cAMP via phosphodiesterase (PDE) which leads to an increase in IP3 which leads to the release of internally stored calcium which leads to migration and release of neurotransmitter. Poisons are disguised by being placed in sweet substances.

Front 59

59) Describe umami

Back 59

59) Glutamate binds to cation channels (Na or Ca) ionotropic glutamate receptor which opens voltage gated Ca channels

Front 60

60) Describe gestation pathway

Back 60

60) The solitary nucleus sends information via the central temental tract to the thalamus (VPM) and parabrachial nucleus. From the VPM the information travels to the gustatory complex in the parietal operculum and then related to the hippocampus. From the parabrachial nucleus information travels to the amygdala and the hypothalamus.

Front 61

What term is loss of taste?

Back 61

Ageusia

Front 62

What term is Altered taste due to xerostomia, zinc, amtriptyline (tricyclic antidepressant) and vincristine (chemotherapeutic agent)

Back 62

Dysgeusia

Front 63

What term is May precede siezures

Back 63

Gustatory Auras

Front 64

What term is Encephalitis (inflammation of brain surface), lesions of temporal and parietal cortex (stroke) and psychosis?

Back 64

Gustatory Hallucinations