Neuro Review

Front 1

muscle biopsy

Back 1

Polymyositis

ENDOMYSIAL inflammation with CD8+ Tcells

Front 2

muscle biopsy

what to worry about?

Back 2

Dermatomyositis
PERIMYSIAL inflammation with CD4+ Tcells
also has perfascicular atrophy

40% associated with paraneoplastic syndrome!

Front 3

muscle biopsy

Back 3

inclusion body myositis
~ polymyositis in many ways

Front 4

Major difference between myositis and muscular dystrophies?

Back 4

In muscular dystrophy, inflammation is associated with NECROTIC FIBERS

Front 5

Muscle biopsy

Back 5

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Endo & perimysial fibrosis
Atrophy & hypertrophy = size var
Necrotic fibers
“Hyaline fibers”: large, dark, glassy
Increased internal nuc

Front 6

Muscle biopsy

Back 6

Ragged red fibers of mitochondrial myopathy

MERRF (myoclonus epilepsy with RR fibers)
MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis & stroke)
Kearns-Sayre syndrome

Front 7

ALS findings

Back 7

loss of motor neurons in the ANTERIOR HORN cells and lateral / corticospinal tracts

Front 8

Brain findings in HSV1 vs HSV2

Back 8

HSV1: encephalitis, Bilateral hemorrhages temporal horn

HSV2: meningitis, less severe

Front 9

#1 tumor with long term epilepsy

Back 9

ganglioglioma

+ synapto, CD34

Front 10

Drug-resistant partial seizures

Back 10

Desmoplastic neuroepithelial tumor

“neurons float ina background of oligodendrocytes”

hallmark = “specific glioneuronal element”
columns oriented perpendicularly to ctx surface; bundles of axons lined by oligo; neurons float between in pink cyt

Front 11

B12 deficiency

Back 11

degeneration of the dorsal/ posterior and lateral columns = ascending sensory tracts

pins and needles, wide based gait, Romberg sign, loss of proprioception

Front 12

Back 12

Tabes dorsalis
syphilis

Front 13

schwannomas vs meningiomas in

NF1?

NF2?

Back 13

NF1 - SPINAL schwannomas

NF2 - Bilateral acoustic schwannomas
- Meningiomas

Front 14

Acute Wernicke's

Back 14

spongy change, vascular hyperplasia, hemorrhage into mamillary bodies, dorsal thalamus, hypothalamus, periaqueductal grey

Front 15

SEGA is associated with what syndrome

Back 15

TS

Front 16

Genes associated with:
Medulloblastoma

GBM

astrocytoma

oligodendroglioma

Back 16

Medulloblastoma: Patched

GBM: EGFR

astrocytoma: p53

oligo: LOH 1p, 19q

Front 17

Sx of Lewy body disease?

protein?

Location?

Back 17

slowly progressive dementia, visual hallucination, cogwheel rigidity, stooped posture

alpha-synuclein!

Substantia nigra AND cortex

Front 18

Sx of Pick's Dz?

protein?

pathology?

Back 18

Frontotemporal dementia: Speech aphasia, Behavioral changes, Pacing

Tau & ubiquitin

Found in dentate, amygdala, septal nuclei

Front 19

AVm vs cavernous hemangioma

Back 19

AVM has intervening brain

Front 20

Subdural hematoma


Epidural hematoma

Back 20

Rupture of bridging veins (head trauma or rapid accel /decel)

MMA rupture

Front 21

cause?

Back 21

Duret hemorrhage of the pons, as a result of acute uncal herniation

Front 22

Back 22

Arnold Chiari malformation

downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum sometimes causing non-communicating hydrocephalus as a result of obstr CSF

Front 23

Types of Arnold Chiari malformation

Back 23

1: Congenital. Headache, Neck Pain, Unsteady gait usually during childhood

2: lumbar myelomeningocele. Paralysis below the spinal defect

3: occipital encephalocele; Syringomyelia and tethered cord as well as hydrocephalus; Causes abundant neurological deficits

4: lack of cerebellar development. incompatible with life

Front 24

syndromes assoc with chiari malformation

Back 24

Ehlers Danlos

Marfan

Front 25

Gross findings in chiari malformation

Back 25

Hydrocephalus
Tonsillar herniation
Compression of aqueduct
"beaking" deformity dorsal midbrain

Front 26

When do you see Alzheimer type 2 astrocytes in the brain?

Back 26

Liver disease! NOT alzheimer's!

Front 27

Findings in chronic Wernicke's disease (thiamine deficiency)

Back 27

Atrophy of mamillary bodies, hypothalamus, anterior thalamic nucleus

Front 28

Brain in Wilson's disease

Back 28

degeneration basal ganglia

Front 29

Back 29

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

PERIVENULAR DEMYELINATION - postviral or post-vaccine

Front 30

Cryptococcus usually shows _____ inflammation in the brain

Back 30

very little

Front 31

Rabies infects:

Back 31

hippocampal pyramidal cells, neurons of the cerebral cortex, Purkinje cells

Front 32

An active lesion in MS has?

Back 32

Macrophages

(lymphs too but they are also seen in chronic)

Front 33

central pontine myelinolysis

Back 33

too rapid correction of HYPOnatremia

Front 34

#1 tumor in sells turcica in kid?

adult?

Back 34

craniopharyngioma

pituitary adenoma

Front 35

IHC choroid plexus carcinoma

Back 35

TRANSTHYRETIN!!
cytokeratin, S100 and occasionally GFAP

KIDS