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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the 4 subsection of the spinal cord?
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1) Cervical
2) Thoracic 3) Lumbar 4) Sacral |
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How many cervical nerves?
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8
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How many thoracic nerves?
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12
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How many lumbar nerves?
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5 (pairs)
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How many sacral nerves?
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5
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Area of skin innervated by afferent fibres from a single spinal cord segment is known as:
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Dermatomes
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Are dermatomes present on face?
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Yes
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Which branch do dermatomes in the face correspond to?
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CN V (three branches)
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What is the purpose of meninges?
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Stabilize the shape and position of the CNS
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How do meninges achieve stabilizing the shape and position of the CNS?
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They suspend the CNS within it, which in turn are anchored to the skull.
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What does the layer of CSF within the meninges provide?
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A buoyant fluid environment
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Why does the brain benefit from a buoyant fluid environment?
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It maintains its shape and stays undistorted in a buoyant fluid environment.
-Prevents deformation of brain -Reduces effective weight from 1500 g to 50g |
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What does meninges mean?
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Meninx-membrane
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What are the three layers of connective tissue coverings that enclose the brain and spinal cord?
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1) Dura mater
2) Arachnoid 3) Pia mater |
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What are the layers of connective tissue coverings that enclose the brain and spinal cord known as?
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Meningeal layers
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Outermost meningeal layer of the brain
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Dura mater
(tough mother) |
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Innermost meningeal layer of the brain
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Pia
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Middle meningeal layer of the brain
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Arachnoid
(does NOT follow contours of brain) |
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Dura mater provides _______ support
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Mechanical
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What are the two fused layers of the dura mater?
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1) Periosteal layer
-(against bone of skull) 2) Meningeal layer -(below) |
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Dura mater is supplied by two things. What are they?
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1) Blood vessels
2) Nerves |
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Which menengial layer divides the cranium?
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Dura mater
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This septa is between the cerebral hemispheres (free edge follows the corpus callosum)
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Falx cerebri
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This is the transverse septum separating the occipital lobe from the cerebellum
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Tentorium cerebelli
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This is the septum between the cerebellar hemispheres
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Falx cerebelli
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This adheres to inner surface of meningeal layer of dura – does NOT follow contours of brain
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Arachnoid
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What is the purpose of the arachnoid layer?
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Protective layer
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What is the arachnoid layer anchored by?
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Pial membrane below by *arachnoid trabeculae**
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What is within the subarachnoid space?
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1) CSF
2) Arachnoid trabeculae |
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These are larger CSF-filled pockets where brain and skull are further apart
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Subarachnoid cisterns
-Cerebellomedullary cistern (cistern magna) -Pontine cistern -Interpeduncular cistern |
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Arachnoid + pia =
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Leptomeninges
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This meningeal layer is highly vascular as a result of the numerous blood vessels that enter and exit brain and spinal cord
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Pia Mater
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Periosteal dura and meningeal dura divide where?
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Superior sagittal sinus
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What are the significant meningeal pathologies? (3)
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1) Meningitis
2) Epidural hematoma 3) Subdural hematoma --Rigid dura matter can compress brain structures (falx and tentorium) |
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This is a meningeal pathology where there is bleeding within dura
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Epidural hematoma
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This is a meningeal pathology:
Bleeding near dura arachnoid interface |
Subdural hematoma
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What is the structure and shape of lateral ventricles?
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-Paired, one in each hemisphere
-C-shaped cavity |
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What is the location of the lateral ventricles?
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-parietal lobe
-anterior, posterior and inferior horns -extending into the frontal, occipital, and temporal lobes, respectively |
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Where do lumbar punctures usually occur?
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L3/4 or L4/5
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Adult spinal cord ends about L1/L2. but spinal dural/arachnoid sheath extends to about S2, leaving a large cistern, the _____ ______
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Lumbar cistern
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How many dura layers in the spinal cord?
How many dura layers in the brain? |
Spinal cord: 1 dura layers
Brain: 2 dura layers |
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What is the epidural space?
(not supposed to be there but can open up due to a bleed/trauma) |
Potential space between upper dura layer and cranium
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Structure that secretes CSF and is located primarily in the center of the lateral and fourth ventricles
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Choroid plexus
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This extends from arachnoid to pia matter and contributes to the maintenance of the subarachnoid space
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Arachnoid trabeculae
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If the measurement of the pressure of the CSF is abnormally high, one may suspect (5)
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Intracranial tumor
Intracranial hemorrhage Hydrocephalus Meningitis Encephalitis |
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This is a complication of high pressure of CSF and can be described as:
Sustained pressure causes enlargement of the ventricles and damage to the surrounding vital cortical tissues. |
Encephalitis
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What is encephalitis due to?
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Compression of the surrounding white and gray matters
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What is the treatment for hydrocephalus?
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Surgery:
-Tube is placed in ventricular cavity and will divert CSF to flow in peritoneal cavity -The procedure involved diverting the blocked ventricular CSF to another cavity |
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Explain the location and shape of the third ventricle
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It is a small slit between the thalami
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What is the shape of the fourth ventricle?
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-Tent-shaped roof, two lateral walls, and a floor
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Explain the structure of the fourth ventricle
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Three small openings:
1-2) The two lateral foramine of Luschka 3) The median foramen of Magendie |
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What is the function of the fourth ventricle?
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CSF enters the subarachnoid through these openings (fourth ventricle)
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Ventricles are lined with a layer of ________ cells.
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Ependymal
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What do the ependymal prevent?
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They prevent infusion of external substances into the cerebrospinal fluid.
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The CSF circulates from the ______ to the _________ _____
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Ventricles, Subarachnoid space
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The CSF fluid aids in:
1) _______ of intracranial pressure 2) ________ of the nervous system 3) ______ of waste products |
1) Regulation
2) Nourishment 3) Removal |
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Pathway of CSF Circulation:
-Lateral ventricles into the ___ ventricle via _____ _____ -Flows from the ___ ventricle to the ___ ventricle through the ______ ______ -Flows from the ___ ventricle into the _______ space through three apertures -Travels to reach the inferior surface of the ______ and moves superiorly over the lateral aspect of each hemisphere |
-3rd, Monro's foramen
-3rd, 4th, cerebral aqueduct -4th, subarachnoid -Cerebrum |
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Some CSF moves into the ______ space around the spinal cord
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subarachnoid
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What is dura mater AKA
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Pachymenix
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The _____ mater contains the venous sinuses that drain blood from the brain
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Dura
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Which dura mater layer invaginates?
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Meningeal
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What is the function of invaginations?
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1) divide intracranial space
2) support brain |
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Invaginations are called _____
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Septa
(singular: septum) |
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Name the 3 important septum
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1) Falx cerebri
2) Tentorium cerebelli 3) Falx cerebelli |
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Which dura layer covers the spinal cord?
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Meningeal
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Where is the true epidural space?
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Between the spinal dura and vertebral periosteum
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