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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Gyrus: (elevations/depressions)?
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elevation
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Sulcus/ Fissure: (elevation/depressions)?
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depression
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Connects occipital and frontal lobes
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Superior longitudinal fasciculus
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connects temporal and occipital lobes
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inferior longitudinal fasciculus
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c-shaped fiber tract connecting the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes
connects auditory areas with broca's area |
arcuate fasciculus
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short fiber tract connecting orbitofrontal cortex with temporal lobe
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uncinate fasciculus
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c-shaped fiber tract connecting the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobe
main connection pathway for limbic functions |
cingulum
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(internal capsule)
what is the site for fibers that descend to innervate cranial nuclei (important for speech motor processes) |
genu
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What makes up the striatum?
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putamen + caudate nucleus
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What makes up the lentiform/lenticular nucleus?
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putamen + globus pallidus
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Where is the input to the basal ganglia?
-Receives afferents from all four lobes of the cortex, thalamic nuclei, and pars compacta |
Striatum (putamen + caudate nucleus)
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Where is the output for the basal ganglia?
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usually projected to the thalamus, brainstem, reticular formation, superior colliculus, and cortical motor areas in the frontal lobe
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What is the function of basal ganglia?
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-Movement coordination/sequencing
-Voluntary movement -Initiation of speech motor programs |
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What happens with damage to the striatum?
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articulatory sequencing deficit, neurogenic stuttering
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This disease is characterized by:
degeneration of the pars compacta which results in the reduction of the availability of dopamine. Results in hypokinesia (reduced motor movements) |
PArkinsons
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Damage in the BG pathways may reduce excitatory input from subthalamic nucleus to the globus pallidus, which in turn leads to decreased inhibitory input to the thalamus
Result in abnormal increase in involuntary movements- hyperkinesia |
Huntingtons
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What can damage to the cerebellum lead to?
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Ataxic dysarthria
(irregular articulatory breakdown, slow rate, prosodic changes, harshness, excessive loudness, voice tremor) |
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Tectum=
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Superior and inferior colliculi
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tegmentum=
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all ascending and many descending systems of the spinal cord or lower brainstem
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define pyramidal decussation:
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formed by the decussation of motor fibers traveling from the precentral gyrus to the spinal cord
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define dermatomes
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area of skin innervated by afferent fibers from a single spinal cord segment
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Hydrocephalus:
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disassociation between production and absorption rate of the CSF
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What is the primary cause of arterial occlusion?
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Atherosclerosis
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Where do superficial veins drain into?
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-Superior sagittal sinus
-Cavernous sinus |
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Where do deep veins drain?
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Great vein of galen
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Where do all venous drainage eventually reach?
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Internal jugular veins
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Channels that open and close by voltage-sensitive mechanism
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voltage-gated
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chennels that open and close in the presence of chemicals or neurotransmitters. sometimes opening of these depends on depolarization caused by the voltage
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ligand-sensitive-gated
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At this state the cell is not responding to any outside influences and it is not firing an impulse
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resting potential
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pumps open __ side of a membrane at a time
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one
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What is the most important neuronal pump
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sodium-potassium
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this provides energy to a cell along an electrical gradient powered by positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions)
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sodium-potassium
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Caused by an influx of positively charged sodium ions. Means that the inside of the cell becomes less negative than at resting relative to the outside of the cell
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Depolarization
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What must an adequate stimulus do to the membrane of a neuron to get it to act?
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1) cause channels to open
2) allow movement of the ions across the cell membrane, effecting a change in the relative charge across the membrane |
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What are graded potentials
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primarily generated by sensory input, causing a change in the conductance of the membrane of the sensory receptor cell.
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_____ ___ need to summate either in time or in space to generate a signal strong enough to generate an AP
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graded potentials
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where are unmyelinated fibers more common?
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smaller nerve fibers in the PNS
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Caused by an autoimmune inflammatory response that damages the myelin sheath in CNS
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Multiple sclerosis (MS)
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Where are common locations for demyelination?
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-optic nerve
-deep cerebral white matter around ventricles -cerebellar peduncles -particular parts of brainstem -spinal cord |
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What is the common speech deficit with MS patients?
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dysarthria
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an inflammatory process that typically begins a week or two after a viral infection
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Guillain-Barre syndrome
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The most common form of _______ _______ involved attach and damage of the PNS myelin by infilttrating macrophages
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Guillain-barre syndrome
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What happens in guillain-barre syndrome?
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conduction in proximal parts of the motor nerves is slowed and may be blocked
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The nerve is a structure on the muscle surface, making contact with the muscle fiber but not fusing with it
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Peripheral nerve to muscle "neuromuscular" transmission
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This is a special structural enlargement of the muscle fiber at the synaptic junction
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Motor endplate
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What are the 5 essential steps for chemical messaging via synaptic transmission
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synthesis, packaging, release, binding, termination
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At the terminal bouton, the AP causes opening of special voltage-gated ______ ______, allowing _____ to rush into the nerve terminal
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calcium channels, calcium
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What happens when calcium rushes into the nerve terminal?
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causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release neurotransmitter
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What is the release of neurotransmitter called?
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exocytosis
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Vesicle membranes are also taken back up by________ to be recycled and used for small molecule NT
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endocytosis
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depolarization the brings the postsynaptic element close to its threshold for firing an action potential (AP)
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Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
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a hyperpolarizing response that moves the membrane away from the threshold
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Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
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: increases the odds of vesicle exocytosis the next time an AP arrives at the terminal. Brief, high frequency burst of AP
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Potentiation
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Depleted vesicle pool decreases the odds of AP. Longer, high freq bursts
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Depression
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What is important for learning and memory?
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long-term potentiation
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Name the important neurotransmitter and specify if they are inhibitory or excitatory
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1) Acetylcholine
-PNS--excitatory (neuromuscular junctions and autonomic NS) --CNS (cholinergic neurons in the brainstem, basal forebrain, basal ganglia) excitatory and inhibitory) 2) Glutamate -CNS excitatory 3) GABA and glycine -Inhibitory -mostly spinal cord (glycine) -everywhere (GABA) 3) Norepi -sympathetic ganglia and others 4)Dopamine -sustantia nigra to striatum (terminal) and others |
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This is a major excitatory NT in the NS
-Pts with seizures experience the effects of abnormal activity in the ______ neurons |
Glutamate
-glutamatergic |
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_________ is a major inhibitory NT-- these are to inhibit neural firing
i.e. phenobarbitol |
GABA
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______ _____ results from decrease in dopamine production in the substantia nigra
-tremor, inability to control movements |
parkinsons disease
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an autoimmune disease reaction to postsynaptic receptor protein with involvement of the postsynaptic membranes
-Antibodies interfere with the transmission of acetylcholine leading to reduced availability of AcH at the synapse between nerve and muscle |
Myesthenia gravis
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Muscle weakness on sustained effort---often affects speech
-nerves innervating the larynx and plate are sometimes the first to be affected -breathy and weak voice-- a hypernasel voice may develop after sustained speaking due to soft palate weakness |
Myesthenia gravis
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Treatment to reduce the antibodies blocking acetylcholine transmission is effective in reversing the neuromuscular problem
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Myesthenia gravis
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usually accompanies the disintegration of the myelin sheath and depends on the Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes
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Anterograde degeneration
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characterized by swollen cell bodies, and enlarged nucleus, and the dissolution of endoplasm
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Retrograde response
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immediate necrotic degeneration of neurons directly affected by anoxia, physical trauma, or CVA
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Primary neuronal loss
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degeneration of neurons that occurs hours, days, or weeks after the primary insult
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Secondary neuronal loss
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in the PNS, when a peripheral nerve is either compressed or crushed but not severed and permanently damaged
-growth cones (swellings on the tips of sprouting axons) schwann cells send out processes toward these growth cones |
Axonal regeneration
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