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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
High frequency of vibration (Hz) would create |
High pitch |
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Mutant mice without them can't hear at all |
Inner hair cells |
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The dorsal stream in the auditory cortex ends in the ___________ cortex and perceives ________ of sound |
Parietal, location |
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Please coding for pitch shows that ________ frequencies are caused by neurons of basilar membrane getting activated. these are located ________ to the oval window |
higher, closer to |
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Loudness of high pitch is determined by ________. loudness of low pitch sounds is determined by the _________ |
rate of firing, #of axons active at a time. |
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These respond to forces of gravity |
Vestibular sacs |
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Hair cells of the semicircular canal, utricle, and saccule use which receptor molecules? |
TRPA-1 |
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Which cranial nerve consists of the vestibular and cochleal cells? |
The 8th. (Vestibulocochlear) |
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The vestibular pathway includes projections to? |
The medulla |
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While jogging, the eyes bounce but vision stays stable. This is due to? |
Vestibulo-ocular reflex |
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Cutaneous receptors respond to what 3 things? |
Pressure, vibration, and Temperature |
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How many categories of free nerve ending thermal receptors are there? |
Two |
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The pathway for fine touch is? |
The dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway |
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Hypnosis reduced pain, also reduced activation of the? |
Somatosensory cortex |
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Part of the brain for long-term emotional consequences of pain? |
Prefrontal cortex |
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Name for not being able to tell difference between tastes? |
Anosmia |
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Members of the cat family cannot taste? |
Sweetness |
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Taste receptor pathway goes like? |
bipolar neuron dendrites -> 7, 9, 10 cranial nerves, -> brain |
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Sensation of saltiness is caused by: |
Sodium channel receptors |
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Information from the anterior part of the tongue travels through the chorda tympani part of? |
Facial cranial nerve |
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Olfaction is the ______ most populated system in the # of sensory receptors |
2nd |
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The olfactory pathway goes? |
Receptor cells -> OB -> mitral cells |
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Olfactory tract axons project to the (all 3) |
Amygdala, entorhinal cortex, and piriform cortex |
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When an odor binds to olfactory receptors |
A depolarization occurs |
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In order to identify the many smells of the world: |
Humans have different receptors that bind to different odorants. the activity patterns created is what is the different smells |
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Order of the ossicles from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea? |
Malleus, Incus, stapes |
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Movement of cilia in the direction of the tallest cilia will |
Open an ion channel |
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With location of sound, low frequencies are _______ differences and high frequencies are ________ differences. |
Phase, intensity |
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What detects thermal and noxious stimuli? |
Free nerve endings |
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What are free nerve endings that respond to intense pressure? |
High-threshold mechanoreceptors |
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When comparing experienced pain to witnessing pain of a loved one the only area that was specific the personal pain was |
The somatosensory cortex |
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Electrical stimulation of _________________ is as potent as a large dose of morphine |
periaqueductal gray |
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Umami receptors detect the presence of? |
Glutamate |
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Taste receptors can have a lifespan of? |
10 days |
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You can taste bitterness and sweetness simultaneously because |
Bitterness and sweetness receptors are similar |
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First relay station for taste is the nucleus of the solitary tract, located in the _________ |
Medulla |
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In humans, the olfactory system is more sensitive if |
Individuals get closer to the source of the smell |
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The _____________ cortex gets olfactory and gustatory information so it may combine this info |
Orbitofrontal |
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If Rose smells two diff. lemony odorants, its likely that the two diff odorants will produce similar activity patterns in the |
posterior piriform cortex |
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Cooks can use spices to hide that meat is going to go bad because the glomeruli that is responding to the spice odor ________ those that respond to the smell of the meat |
Inhibit |
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Moving a limb to the body is _______ moving a limb away from the body is _______ |
Flexion, extension |
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Alpha motor neurons send info to |
Extrafusal muscle fibers |
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Depolarization of the muscle fiber opens voltage-gated _____ channels which trigger contractions |
Ca2+ |
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Myosin cross bridges attach to actin strands, bend, detach and then attach lower. These actions result in the ____________ of muscle fibers |
Shortening |
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Intrafusal muscle fibers act as |
Muscle length detectors |
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Moving because of fear vs. moving because asked is faster because fear movement is |
reflexive and does not need to be processed deeply to be performed |
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Muscle spindle, spinal cord, alpha motor neuron, extrafusal muscle fibers make up the |
Monosynaptic stretch reflex circuit |
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When _______ motor neurons are active, intrafusal muscle fibers become shorter and more sensitive to changes in length |
Gamma |
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When the efferent axon of a single muscle spindle is completely silent, the spindle is? |
Completely relaxed and extended |
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Reflex circuits typically involve _______ of neurons |
Thousands |
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The ugly ass motor cortex representation of fingers and mouth is because these areas require greater |
Precision of movement |
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The primary motor cortex receives info from? |
The supplementary motor area and premotor cortex |
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Corticospinal tract, corticabulbar, and rubrospinal tract make up the _______ group of descending tracts from the primary motor cortex |
Lateral |
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the ________ corticospinal tract controls arms, hands, fingers, lower legs, feet, and toes (all) |
Lateral |
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The mesencephalic locomotor region of the _______ formation lets a cat make pacing movements |
Reticular |
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Mirror neurons are located in which premotor cortex? |
Ventral (toward the belly) |
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Emma puts on lipgloss like her mom. _______ neurons are activated during this process |
Mirror |
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When people point/reach somewhere the ______________ becomes active |
Parietal reach region |
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The anterior part of the _______ sulcus lets us grasp things because it controls hand/finger movement |
Interparietal |
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Visual input to the parietal reach region and the anterior part of the interparietal sulcus comes from the _________ part of the visual pathway |
Dorsal |
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Jill, who has apraxia, would have trouble |
Drawing an object |
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Limb apraxia symptoms: |
Moving wrong part of limb, incorrect movement, or incorrect sequence of movement |
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Right Hemi: _____________ Left Hemi: ___________ |
Extrapersonal space, Own body |
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Left Hemi controls your own body, so damage to left causes apraxia in _____ hands |
Both |
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The ________ lobe determines meaning of hand gestures |
Frontal |
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Pam can cook but she can't draw a pot, pan, or spoon. she suffers from |
constructional apraxia |
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The difference in ratio between the number of muscle fibers per axon depends on the ________ needed to move the muscle |
Precision |
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Pathway for muscle contraction |
Axon releases ACh, Motor endplate, endplate potential reached |
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Stretch receptors are located in |
Intrafusal muscle fibers and Golgi tendons |
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Monosynaptic stretch reflex controls the reflexive action as well as |
Posture |
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When there is added resistance to a muscle movement ______ muscle fibers shorten more than the _______ ones |
Intrafusal, extrafusal |
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Less sensitive afferent axons from the Golgi tendon organ trigger glycine release and the production of __PSPs |
I |
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Vestibulospinal, tectospinal, reticulospinal and ventral corticospinal tract make up the ____________ group of descending tracts from the primary motor cortex |
Ventromedial |
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The corticobulbar tract controls movements of the |
Face, neck, and tongue |
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The rubrospinal tract controls |
The forearms and hands, but not the fingers |
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This brain area is involved in executing well-learned sequences of motor responses |
Supplementary motor area |
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The ______ ________ cortex and the ________ cortex are responsible for the decision to move |
Posterior parietal, frontopolar |
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The pontine and dentate nuclei are located in the |
Cerebellum (balance and posture) |
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Parkinson's is caused by the degeneration of dopamine secreting cells in the |
Substantia nigra |
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The sound of a bag being ripped open will trigger activation of _________ neurons |
Audiovisual |
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Damage to right parietal _______ apraxia, damage to left, ______ apraxia |
Constructional, limb |