Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does the Proencephalon give rise to?
|
the forebrain - telencephalon (with lateral ventricles) and diencephalon (with neural retina and 3rd ventricle)
|
|
What does the Mesencephalon give rise to?
|
the midbrain
|
|
What does the Rhombencephalon give rise to?
|
the hindbrain - metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) and the myelencephalon (medulla)
|
|
To what does the caudal neural tube give rise?
|
The central canal and spinal cord
|
|
What are six neural crest derived cells?
|
melanocytes, adrenal medulla cells, ANS ganglion (sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric), Schwann cells, Dorsal root ganglion cells, cranial sensory ganglion cells
|
|
How does the layer migration of neurons occur during development?
|
Neurons climb radial glia fibers from the ventricular neuroepithelium to the outer neuroepithelium. The more superficial layers are populated by cells born later than those in deeper layers.
|
|
What are four cue categories for neuronal development
|
Long range chemo-attraction and chemo-repulsion and shor range contact-attraction and contact-repulsion
|
|
The thin septum separating the lateral ventricles, the fornix, is carrying projection from the hippocampi to...?
|
the mamillary bodies
|
|
As one moves caudally the caudate appears to be limited by the internal capsule but eventually merges into...
|
the putamen
|
|
the small bridge between the putamen and caudate
|
nucleus accumbens
|
|
the striatum is composed of three continuous "nuclei"
|
the accumbens, caudate, and putamen
|
|
if you can see lateral ventricle, you can see....?
|
caudate
|
|
as one moves caudally, medial to the putamen is....(appears pale when freshly cut or gray in myelin stain)
|
globus pallidus
|
|
ventral to the globus pallidus is a commissure (one of two major such l/r connections)...
|
the anterior commissure
|
|
if you can see the 3rd ventricle, you can see the...
|
thalamus
|
|
in a coronal section at the level of the 3rd ventricle (and thalamus) one can see what two parts of the striatum divided by the internal capsule?
|
the caudate and putamen
|
|
as coronal sections move caudally, the globus pallidus appears to...
|
split into two nuclei, the globus pallidus interna and externa
|
|
the structure dealing with emotional significance of experiences, found in the ventromedial curvature of the cortex, just inferior to the receding globus pallidus and putamen (and appearing optic tract)
|
amygdala
|
|
further caudally, as the temporal horns of the lateral ventricles become visible, the amygdala is replaced by the...
|
hippocampus
|
|
at this point, what lateral ventricle associated structure is visible bilaterally in duplicate
|
the caudate
|
|
By what two landmarks can the midbrain be identified?
|
the cerebral aqueduct connecting the 3rd and 4th ventricles
and the cerebral peduncles |
|
as coronal sections move caudally to the level of the midbrain, what structures (in the midbrain)lie immediately superior to the cerebral peduncles? just lateral to the peduncles?
|
the substantia nigra and the red nucleus
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus. |
|
In horizontal sections where two major commissures are evident, the anterior is the corpus callosum and the anterior is...?
|
corpus callosum, posterior commissure is much smaller
|
|
two structures which make the walls and roof of the 3rd ventricle
|
fornix and thalamus
|
|
In deeper horizontal sections, as the thalamus increases in area and the Foramen of Monro appears, where is the Globus Pallidus? How is it separated from the caudate?
|
nestled within the putamen;
the internal capsule |
|
gracile fasciculus contains afferents from which dorsal ganglion
|
lower body
|
|
cuneate fasciculus contains afferents from which dorsal root ganglia
|
trunk and upper limbs
|
|
in the mudulla, the gracile and cuneate fibers form their respective nuclei and projections...
|
decussate as and form the medial lemniscus
|
|
the medial lemniscus projects up to...
|
Ventral Posterio-lateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus
|
|
Proprioceptive information projects to the ipsilateral/contralateral cerebellum?
|
ipsilateral
|
|
nociceptive and temperature fibers decussate...
|
almost immediately upon entering the spinal cord
|
|
fine-touch discrimination fibers decussate....
|
in the medulla through the medial lemniscus
|
|
pathway which begins in the pre-central gyrus and ends in the spinal cord
|
cortico-spinal pathway or pyramidal system
|
|
other names for primary motor cortex
|
Brodmann's area 4, M1
|
|
In a section through the central sulcus, the most noticable differences between somatosensory and motor cortex are...
|
the presence of Layer IV sensory afferents and the Layer V pyramidal cells (of which the largest are the Betz cells)
|
|
the coalescing of the slips of white matter core of each gyrus forms the...
|
corona radiata
|
|
the internal capsule has two limbs, which does carries motor and sensory information?
|
the posterior limb
|
|
what portion of the posterior limb of the internal capsule is carried in the cerebral peduncles?
|
the motor efferents
|
|
in the pons, the cerebral peduncles take on a lamellar appearance before coalescing into the medullary....
|
pyramids
|
|
at what point do the medullary pyramid fibers decussate?
|
at about the level of the cervical spinal cord
|
|
the decussation of the pyramids forms what spinal tract?
|
the lateral corticospinal tract
|
|
15-20% of the fibers do not decussate, what do they form/innervate?
|
the medial (or anterior) corticospinal tract which innervates trunk muscles
|
|
why will a cerebral stroke patient only have paralysis of the lower half of one side of the face?
|
the forehead receives bilateral innervation
|
|
how is cerebral stroke differentiable from Bell's Palsey?
|
peripheral nerve damage leaves the entire side of the face paralyzed, while a stroke leaves only the lower half paralyzed
|
|
the pupillary sphincter is ennervated by...
|
parasympathetics from the oculomotor nerve, originates in the Edinger-Westphal
|
|
the pupillary dilator muscle is composed of radial fibers innervated by post-ganglionic sympathetics from the...
|
superior cervical ganglion, T1
|
|
the lens becomes more spherical when the tension on the zonule fibers is released, this process allows for...
|
nearer focusing of the lens, accomodation
|
|
ratio of retinal ganglion cells to photoreceptors in the fovea
|
2:1
|
|
rods...
|
highly sensitive to low light, black and white
|
|
cones...
|
color vision, less sensitive
|
|
the cornea is continuous with the....
|
sclera which is continuous with the dura
|
|
the choroid is highly pigmented and lies between...and is continuous with the...
|
retina and the sclera; ciliary body and the iris
|
|
the fibers which bypass the LGN and synapse in the...
|
pretectal area
|
|
the pretectal area sends projections bilaterally to the...which mediates the pupillary light reflex through CN III
|
Endinger-Westphal nuclei
|
|
endolymph lies within the...
|
membranous labyrinth
|
|
two streams of auditory information reach the cocchlear nuclei- what characterizes the processing at each nucleus?
|
both- bilateral projections
dorsal - frequency analysis, direct projection to inferior colliculus via the lateral lemniscus ventral - timing preservation, projection to the superior olivary nuclei for timing analysis |
|
the dorsal and ventral auditory streams project from the inferior colliculus into...
|
the Medial Geniculate Nucleus of the thalamus
|
|
to a first approximation, each semi-cicular canal is paired with...
|
the muscles of the eye that function in the same plane: lateral and medial rectus; the superior and inferior oblique; the superior and inferior rectus
|
|
the horizontal semi-circular canals are paired with...
|
the lateral and medial rectus
|
|
if the head rotates to the left, the left horizontal semi-circular canal is...
|
excited
|
|
in VOR, the left horizontal semi-circular canals synapses on...
|
the vestibular nucleus
|
|
in VOR, the left vestibular nucleus sends excitatory projections to...
|
ipsilateral oculomotor nucleus of CN III and the contralateral abducens nucleus of CN VI
|
|
in VOR, the same left vestibular nucleus cells send inhibitory projections to...
|
contralateral oculomotor nucleus and the ipsilateral abducens nucleus
|
|
the utricle detects motion in the...
|
horizontal plane
|
|
the saccule detects motion in the...
|
sagittal plane
|
|
What two non-motor nuclei in the caudal midbrain are cholinergic?
|
laterodorsal tegmental LDT
perpeduncular tegmental PPT |
|
What two structures in the forebrain are cholinergic?
|
Basalis and diagonal band nuclei
|
|
What structures are cholinergic at the level of a transverse section through the inferior colliculus? (hint includes trochlear nucleus)
|
trochlear nucleus IV, parabigeminal nucleus, and the parapeduncular tegmental PPT nucleus
|
|
GABAergic projections between the caudate/putamen and the...
|
Globus pallidus and substantia nigra, reticular part rSN
|
|
GABAergic projections between globus pallidus/rSN and...
|
the thalamus
|
|
GABAergic projections from the reticular thalamic nuclei RTN to...
|
all other thalamic nuclei
|
|
the Substantia Nigra pars compacta SNpc neurons utilize what modulatory neurotransmitter?
|
DA
|
|
the SN pars reticulata contains what projection cell type - GABAergic?
|
GABA, pallidal-like cells
|
|
The DA projections of the nigra-striatal pathway terminate in the....
|
caudate and putamen
|
|
DAergic neurons in the ventral tegmentum project...
|
nucleus accumbens, ventral striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, entorhinal-, prefrontal-, and cingulate cortex
|
|
Tyrosine Hydroxylase TH staining can detect what types of cells?
|
DA and NE
|
|
What nuclei does TH staining in the pons detect?
|
locus ceruleus and subceruleus n noradrenergic neurons
|