Neuro Block 3

Front 1

Argyll-Robertson Pupils

Back 1

Bilateral Damage to Pretectal Area Midbrain Neurons (e.g Neurosyphilis)

Pupils are non-reactive to light (Pupils remain active to accommodation as this is controlled by Supraoculomotor Area)

Front 2

Horner's Syndrome

Back 2

Damage to Superior Cervical Ganglion or its Axons

1) Miosis (pupil constriction)
2) Anhidrosis (loss of sweating)
3) Pseudoptosis (mild eyelid
4) Enopthalmosis (sunken eye)
5) Flushing of the Face

Due to fact that Superior Cervical Ganglion is involved in:
1) Pupillary Dark Response
2) Face Vasculature
3) Sweat Glands
4) Lachrymal Glands
5) Eyelid Tarsal Muscles

Front 3

Presbyopia

Back 3

Difficulty with Near Vision

Due to loss of lens accommodation with aging. Results from structural changes in lens which impedes accommodation.

Corrected via Convex Half Lens

Front 4

What would be the result of damage to the RIGHT Frontal Eye Field?

Back 4

Transient inability to look left!

Eventually, the Superior Colliculus could partially compensate for this loss!

Front 5

Lateral Gaze Paralysis

Back 5

Due to Damage of Abducens Nucleus!

During an attempted Lateral Gaze to the damaged side, BOTH eyes CANNOT be moved beyond the midline

At rest, Medial strabismus in eye ipsilateral to damage

Front 6

Hyperopia

Back 6

Refractive Power of Lens is TOO WEAK or Eyeball is TOO SHORT = Image focused BEYOND retina

Accommodation used for Distance Vision = "FAR SIGHTED"

With aging, has to be corrected with Convex Lens

Front 7

Myopia

Back 7

Refractive Power of Lens is TOO STRONG or Eyeball is TOO LONG = Image focused in FRONT of retina

Can focus unaided on near objects but NOT distant objects = "NEAR SIGHTED"

Distance vision is corrected with Concave Lenses

With aging, Near vision also has to be corrected = Bifocal Lenses w/both Concave and Convex portions!

Front 8

Astigmatism

Back 8

Cornea surface is more oblong (normally, it resembles the surface of a sphere)

Distant AND Near objects cannot be focused, corrected with Cylindrical Lenses

Front 9

Vitamin A Deficiency

Back 9

Can cause permanent blindness!

Degeneration of Photoreceptors due to Vitamin A deficiency (causing deficiency of all trans retinal, a necessary photopigment)!

Can cause night blindness.

Front 10

Retiniits Pigmentosa

Back 10

Inherited disorder in which there s a gradual and progressive failure to maintain receptor cells

Can involve rods or cones.

Front 11

Macular Degeneration

Back 11

Leading cause of blindness in the elderly!

Visual loss is in the CENTRAL Visual Field

Two Types:
1) Dry Form - Intraocular proliferation of cells in the macular area (fovea and surrounding areas)

2) Wet Form - Capillaries of the choroid coat invade the macular area and destroy receptor cells and neurons. Most common treatment = Laser surgery.

Front 12

Retinal Detachment

Back 12

Loss of vision in area of detachment of Retina/RPE

Lasers can weld the detachment to prevent it from increasing in size, however it will remain functionally blind.

Front 13

Diabetic Retinopathy

Back 13

Microaneurysms and Punctate Hemorrhages in the Retina

Lasers used to seal swollen or leaking blood vessels

Front 14

Damage to Sublenticular Optic Radiations =

Back 14

Binocular, Contralesional, SUPERIOR Quadranopia

Front 15

Damage to Retrolenticular Optic Radiations =

Back 15

Binocular, Contralesional, INFERIOR Quadranopia

Front 16

What kind of damage would lead to LOSS of COLOR/FACE recognition?

Back 16

Inferior Temporal Gyrus (could involve Posterior Cerebral Artery)

Front 17

What kind of damage would lead to LOSS of WRITTEN WORDS and/or PASSAGE COMPREHENSION?

Back 17

Superior Temporal Gyrus

Front 18

What kind of damage would lead to INABILITY to see MOTION?

Back 18

Areas in Parietal Cortex

Front 19

What kind of damage would lead to NEGLECT?

Back 19

Large areas involving Posterior Parietal Cortex and Superior Temporal Cortex