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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Central nervous system
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Brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral nervous system
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consists of the Somatic and autonomic
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what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
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sympathetic and parasympathetic
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what do axons do
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transmit impulses away from the cell body
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waht do dendrites do
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recieve impulses
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what is the efferent division of PNS
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this is the motor output from the CNS
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what is Afferent Division
of the PNS |
this is the Sensory input into the CNS
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what is a synapse
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where the neuron joins with other neurons at junctions
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what is a neurotransmitter
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a chemical either acetylcholine or norepinephrine that crosses the gap between the axon and dendrites
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what are meninges
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protective membranes that cover the entire CNS
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what are dermatomes
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areas of the skin innervated by spinal nerves
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how many pairs of nerve fibers exit the spinal cord
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31
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what are the four categories of peripheral nerves
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Somatic sensory
Somatic motor Visceral sensory Visceral motor |
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describe somatic sensory
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afferent nerves that transmit sensations involved it touch , pressure , pain , temperature and position
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describe somatic motor
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these efferent fibers carry impulses to the skelstal muscles
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Describe Visceral sensory
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these afferent tracts transmit sensations from the visceral organs such as a full bladder
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Describe Visceral motor
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these efferent fibers exit the cns system and branch to supply nerves to the involuntary cardiac muscle and smooth muscle and the organs
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what is the hallmark sign of CNS injury
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altered mental status
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what is a coma
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a state in which the patient cannot be aroused even by powerful external stimuli
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what are the two mechanisms capable of producing alterations in mental status
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Structural lesions ,eg tumers or contusions
Toxic metabolic states, eg lack of oxygen, diabetic, hepatic failure |
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what is Peripheral neuropathy
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is any malfunction or damage of the peripheral nerve
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Cheyne-Stokes respiration
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characterized by a period of apnea lasting 10-60sec followed by gradually increasing depth and frequenccy of respirations
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Kussmauls respirations
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rapid and deep respirations caused by severe metabolic CNS problems
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Central neurogenic hyperventilation
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caused by a lesion in the CNS
often characterized by rapid, deep, noisy repirations |
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ataxic respiration
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poor respiration due to CNS damage causing ineffective thoracic muscular coordination
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Apneustic respirations
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characterized by prolonged inspiration unrelieved by expiratioin attempts seen in patients with damage to their pons
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decorticate posture
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associated with a lesion at or above the upper brainstem
(arms and fists are flexed |
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decerebrate posture
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resulting from a lesion in the brainstem (extended extremities and retracted hands)
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what does the glascow scale measure
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Eye
Verbal Motor |
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Describe the point system for the GCS eye opening
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Spontaneous is 4
to voice is 3 to pain is 2 None is 1 |
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Describe the GCS for best verbal response
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Oriented 5
Confused 4 Inappropriate words 3 Incomprehensible words 2 None 1 |
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Describe the GCS for best motor response
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Obeys commands 6
Localizes pain 5 Withdraws to pain 4 Flexion to pain 3 Extension to pain 2 None 1 |
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what is the possible total for the GCS
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3-15
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what does a scor of 13 - 15 indicate
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Minor head injury
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What does a glascow score of 9-12 indicate
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Moderate head injury
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What does a glascow score of =or less than 8 indicate
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Sever head injury,
Coma and sever mortality risk |
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What is cushings triad
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Increased blood pressure
decreased pulse irregular respirations indication of intracranial pressure |
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what is the major concern in any emergency including a CNS emergency
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A
B C |
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what is AEIOU-TIPS
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this is a mnemonic device used to remember some of the common causes of altered mental status
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What are some of the common causes of altered mental status
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AEIOUTIPS
Acidosis, alcohol Epilepsy Infection Overdose Uremia Trauma, Tumor , Toxin Insulin Psychosis, Poison Stroke, Seizure |
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What does chronic alcoholism interfere with the intake and absorption of
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Thiamine
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What can Thiamine deficiency cause
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Wernickes syndrome which characterized by ataxia, eyemuscle weakness and mental derangement including loss of memorey and disorientation
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What is Korsakoffs Psychosis
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Caused by thiamine deficiency which in cludes muttering , delirium , insomnia , delusions and hallucinations, painful extrmities. may be irreversible.
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What are the two kinds of stroke
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Ischemic and hemorrhagic
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What is tissue plasminogen activator
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a fibrinolytic used in the treatment of strokes and heart attacks
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What is crucial in improving the outcome for storke patients
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getting difinitive treatment within 3 hours of onset
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how common are stroke s
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they are the 3rd most common cause of death in middle aged and older patients
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what is a embolic stroke
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it is a solid, liquid or gaseous mass carried to a blood vessel fromm a remote site, they occure suddenly and are characterized by severe headaches
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What is a Thrombotic stroke
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this is a cerebral thrombus that is caused by plaque build up, symptoms develope gradually and often occures at night
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what is a hemorrhagic stroke
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this is when a small vessel deep in the head ruptures and the leaking blood may paralyze vital centers
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what are the signs and symptoms of a stroke
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pupils may be unequal with larger pupil on the side if the hemorrhage and the eyes often will be turned away from the side of the body paralysis, also
Facial drooping headache Confusion and agitation Dysphasia (difficulty in speak Aphasia (cant speak) Hemiparesis Dizziness coma vision problems one eye |
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What is a TIA
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this is a temporary interruption of blood supply to the brain usually resolved in 24 hours
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What happens when you hyperventilate a stroke patient
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it may lower CO2 levels to detrimentally low levels and cause profound cerebral vasoconstriction
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What are some of the causes of seizures
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Fever, blood suger, head trauma, toxic eclampsia,
Strss, hypoxia, and without a known cause |
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What does the term epilepsy or epileptic indicate
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This indicates that a person has more of a potential for developing a seizure that would not induce them in normal individuals
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What is a tonic clonic seizure
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called a grand mall seizure it is a generalized motor seizure producing a loss of consciousness
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What is an Aura
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this is the sensation preceding a a seizure, could be smells, tastes or auditory
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What is a seizure
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it is a temporary alteration in behavior due to the massive electrical discharge of one or more groups of neurons in the brain
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What is a generalized seizure
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these are seizures that begin as an electrical discharge ina small area of the brain but spread to invlolve the entire cerebral cotex
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What is a partial seizure
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seizures that remain confined to a limited portion of the brain causing localized malfunction
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what happens during the tonic phase of a seizure
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muscle contractions
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what is the clonic phase of a seizure
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muscle spasms and the jaw remains clenched
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What is status epilepticus
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A series of two or more generalized seizures
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What is a brain abscess
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a collection of pus localized in an area of the brain
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Degenerative neurological cisorders
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a collection of diseases that selectively affect one of more functional systems of the CNS
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Alzheimers disease
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A degenerative brain disorder, the most common cause of dementia in the elderly
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Muscular Dystrophy
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Refers to a group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive muscle weakness and degeneration of the skeletal or voluntary muscle fibers.
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Multiple Sclerosis
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refers to an unpredictable disease of the CNS, Involves inflammation of certain nerve cells followed by demyelination or destruction of the Myelin sheath.
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dystonias
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A group of disorders characterized by muscle contractions that cause twisting and repetitive movements
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parkinsons Disease
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Motor system disorder characterized by tremor, rigidity and postural instability
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Central Pain Syndrome
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condition that results from damage or injury to the brain, brainstem or spinal cord.
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bells Palsy
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most common form of facial paralysis resulting from inflammatory reaction of the facial nerve
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ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
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progressive degeneration of specific nerve cells that control voluntary movement
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Myoclonus
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Temporary twitching or spasm of a muscle or group of muscles
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Spina bifida
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A neural defect that results from the failure of one or more or the fetal vertebrai to close properly during the first month of pregnancy
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Poliomyelitis (polio)
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infectious inflammatory viral disease of the CNS
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The inner most layer of the meninges.
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arachnoid membrane
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The type of stroke that occurs at night is
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Thrombotic
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A brief generalized seizure that usually presents with a 10 to 30 sec loss of conciousness or awareness is a
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absence seizure
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Most low back pain is
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idiopathic
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