Neural Tissue (Chapter 11)

Front 1

Sensory

Back 1

detects changes in internal and external environment

Front 2

motor

Back 2

initiates muscle contraction and gland secretion

Front 3

integrative

Back 3

analyzed and stores information, higher functioning and reasoning

Front 4

anatomical divisions of nervous system

Back 4

central and peripheral

Front 5

central nervous system

Back 5

brain and spinal cord

Front 6

peripheral nervous system

Back 6

all neural tissue

nerves

ganglia

plexuses

Front 7

functional divisions of PNS

Back 7

sensory and motor

Front 8

sensory PNS

Back 8

send information TO the CNS

PNS TO CNS

Front 9

motor PNS

Back 9

FROM CNS TO effectors

(effectors being glands, muscles etc.)

autonomic and somatic*

Front 10

subdivided Motor PNS

Back 10

Somatic and autonomic

Front 11

somatic motor PNS

Back 11

controls skeletal muscles

conscious control

Front 12

autonomic motor PNS

Back 12

controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

dont consciously control

Front 13

cells in neural tissue

Back 13

neurons

glial cells

Front 14

neurons

Back 14

perform communication, info processing and control functions

production of electrical signals

Front 15

glial cells

Back 15

support and protect neurons

outnumber neurons

Front 16

parts of a neuron

Back 16

dendrites axon and cell body

Front 17

dendrites

Back 17

receive information

Front 18

axon

Back 18

send information

Front 19

axoplasm

Back 19

cytoplasm of axon

Front 20

axoplasmic transport

Back 20

movement of substances along the axon

*movement occurs in both directions

Front 21

sensory neurons

Back 21

located in sensory ganglia.

FROM receptors to CNS.

Front 22

motor neurons

Back 22

motor division of PNS

CNS to visceral or skeletal muscles or glands

Front 23

somatic motor neurons

Back 23

cell bodies located in CNS.

control skeletal muscles

Front 24

visceral motor neurons

Autonomic

Back 24

control smooth muscles, glands and cardiac muscle

Front 25

interneurons

Back 25

most abundant type of neurons

in brain and spinal cord

the more complex the response is, the more interneurons are being used.

*involved in higher functioning

Front 26

ependymal cells

Back 26

line the CSF spaces in CNS.

helps circulate CSF

Front 27

astrocytes

Back 27

maintain blood brain barrier

most abundant glial cell

scar tissue in CNS after injury

Front 28

microglia

Back 28

migrate through neural tissue in CNS

engulf cell debris and pathogens

Front 29

oligodendrocytes

Back 29

mylenate axons in CNS of multiple axons

*No neurolemma

Front 30

schwann cells

Back 30

mylenate SINGLE axon in PNS

Front 31

Myelination

Back 31

wrapping insulation around axons

Front 32

myelin

Back 32

lipid and protein material in concentric layers around axon

increases electrical speed

Front 33

neurolemma

Back 33

ring of cytoplasm of the schwann cell which surrounds myelin

*important in axon regeneration

Front 34

nodes

Back 34

gaps in myelin

Front 35

demyelination

Back 35

progressive loss of myelin

results in loss of sensation and motor control

Front 36

multiple sclerosis

Back 36

immune system attacks myelin

Front 37

white matter

Back 37

contain masses of MYELENATED axons

Front 38

gray matter

Back 38

contain cell bodies and dendrites *No myelin

Front 39

Nerves

Back 39

bundles of axons in the PNS surrounded by connective tissue

Front 40

tracts

Back 40

bundles of axons in the CNS without connective tissue

Front 41

ganglia

Back 41

clusters of cell bodies in neurons of PNS

Front 42

primary tumors

Back 42

originate in CNS

cell division of abnormal glial cells

Front 43

secondary tumors

Back 43

metastatic: spread into CNS

Front 44

the cell has a slight _________ charge

Back 44

negative

Front 45

the slight negative charge of cells in because of

Back 45

unequal distribution of ions across the membrane

Front 46

resting potential is

Back 46

-70 mV

Front 47

changes in the RMP result in 2 kinds of electrical signals

Back 47

graded and action potentials

Front 48

graded potential

Back 48

in dendrites and cell bodies

Front 49

action potentials

Back 49

in axons

Front 50

[Na]+ is

Back 50

outside the cell

Front 51

[K]+ is

Back 51

on the inside of cells

Front 52

two types of channels

Back 52

leakage and gated channels

Front 53

leakage channels

Back 53

permenantly open

allow free passage of sodium and potassium

Front 54

gated channels

Back 54

only open in response to stimuli

Front 55

2 types of gated channels

Back 55

chemically and voltage gated

Front 56

chemically gated channels

Back 56

open in response to neurotransmitters

occur in dendrites

*graded potentials

Front 57

voltage gated channels

Back 57

closed at resting potential

open in response to voltage changes

occur in axons

*action potentials

Front 58

graded potentials

Back 58

occur in dendrites and cell bodies

binding of neurotransmitters to receptors

chemically gated channels

size of potential varies with amount of NTS

2 types

Front 59

2 types of graded potentials

Back 59

depolarization and hyperpolarization

Front 60

depolariztion

Back 60

upward toward 0

Front 61

hyperpolariation

Back 61

downward further from threshold

Front 62

action potential

Back 62

axon-voltage-electrical-

2 types

Front 63

2 types of voltage gated channels

Back 63

[Na] and [K]

Front 64

[Na]+ ion

Back 64

open when the RMP is depolarized

inflow of Na+ further depolarizes the axon

Front 65

[K]+ ion channel

Back 65

opens at depolarization but are slower to react

K rushes out because the concentration gradient

repolarization

Front 66

movement of action potential

Back 66

from initial segment down the axon

Front 67

does action potential diminish with distance?

Back 67

nope

Front 68

does graded potential diminish with distance?

Back 68

yuppers

Front 69

2 types of movement of action potential

Back 69

continuous and saltitory

Front 70

continuous propagation

Back 70

occurs only in unmyelinated axons

slow

Front 71

saltitory propagation

Back 71

occurs in myelinated axons

fast

Front 72

speed of action potentials depends on axons-

Back 72

diameter and myelination

Front 73

synapse

Back 73

site of communication between 2 neurons

Front 74

presynaptic

Back 74

axon- send signal

Front 75

postsynaptic

Back 75

dendrite-receives signal

Front 76

message sent in synapse is called

Back 76

neurotransmitter

Front 77

graded potential 2 types

Back 77

*dendrites and cell bodies -neurotransmitter-chemically opened channels (depolarization and hyperpolarization)

depolarizion (EPSP)

hyperpolarization (IPSP)

Front 78

removal of neurotransmitters (3)

Back 78

diffusion, breakdown and reabsorption

Front 79

which axons might have a chance at regeneration

Back 79

PNS