Network+ Guide To Networks Chapter 2 - How Computers Find Each Other On Networks

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The IEEE standard defining 64-bit physical addresses. In this scheme, the OUI portion of an address is 24 bits in length. A 40-bit extension identifier makes up the rest of the physical address to total 64-bits.

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EUI-64 (Extended Unique Identifier-64)

Front 2

A nonprofit, United States government-funded group that was established at the University of Southern California and charged with managing IP address allocation and the Domain Name System. The oversight for many of their functions was given to ICANN in 1998; however, they continue to perform Internet addressing and Domain Name System Administration.

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IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)

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The nonprofit corporation currently designated by the United States government to maintain and assign IP addresses.

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ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)

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An international society composed of engineering professionals. Its goals are to promote development and education in the electrical engineering and computer science fields.

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IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

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An organization that sets standards for how systems communicate over the Internet (for example, how protocols operate and interact).

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IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

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A host name plus domain name that uniquely identifies a computer or location on a network

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FQDN (fully qualified domain name)

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Responsible for dynamically assigning IP, DNS, and subnet mask to network devices. Runs on ports 67 and 68

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DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol)

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A network connection made by a node or host on a network is known as what?

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interface

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Address scheme that have 32 bits and are written as four decimal numbers called octets. Each octet consisting of 8 bits.

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IPv4

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Address scheme that has 128 bits and are written as eight blocks of hexadecimal numbers.

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IPv6

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A 24-bit character sequence assigned by IEEE that appears at the beginning of a network's interface's physical address and identifies the NIC's manufacturer.

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OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier)

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Contains two parts, and are 48 bits long, and are written as hexadecimal numbers separated by colons. The first 24 bits are known as the OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier) or block ID or company ID. Identifies the NICs manufacturer.

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MAC Address or physical address

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A unique set of characters assigned to each NIC by its manufacturer. In the traditional, 48-bit physical addressing scheme, the _____ _____ is 24 bits long. In EUI-64, the extension identifier is 40 bits long.

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extension identifier

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A device that a host uses to access another network.

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gateway

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The device that nodes look to to gain access to the outside world.

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default gateway

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A 32 bit number that helps one computer find another. The 32 bits are used to indicate what portion of an IP address is the network portion and what part is the host portion.

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subnet mask

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The type of server contains a database of TCP/IP host names and their associated IP addresses.

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DNS Server

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The command used to identify current TCP/IP settings.

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ipconfig

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CLI

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Command Line Inteface

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Used to associate computer names with IP addresses.

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DNS (domain name service or domain name system)

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The three elements of DNS are:

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namespace - entire collections of computer names and IP addresses

name servers - a hierarchical structure of the namespace databases

resolvers - client that requests info from DNS servers

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Examples of top level domains are:

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.com

.org

.edu

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The five resource records that are known as what?

1. This records stores the name-to-address mapping for a host.

2. This record also stores the name-to-address mapping for host but the IP address is an IPv6.

3. This record holds the alternative names for a host.

4. This record is used for reverse lookups.

5. This record identifies a mail server.

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1. A (Address)

2. AAAA (Address)

3. CNAME (Canonical Name)

4. PTR (Pointer)

5. MX (Mail Exchanger)

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A combination of an IP address followed by a port number of an application running on the host with a colon separating the two is known as.

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socket

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Ports that range from 0 - 1023 are known as what?

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well-known ports (Assigned by IANA)

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Ports that range from 1024 - 49151 are known as what?

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registered ports (used by users and processes that are not considered standard processes)

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Ports that range from 49152 - 65535 are known as what?

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dynamic and private ports (open ports open for use without restriction)

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IP range 169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255 is known as what? This range is used when DHCP fails.

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APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing)

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The process of substituting a private IP address used by computers on a private network with the public IP address of a gateway device or router when these computers need access to other networks or the Internet.

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address translation

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This assigns a separate TCP port number to each ongoing conversation, or session, between a local host and an Internet host.

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PAT (port address translation)

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Using this protocol a gateway assigns the same public IP address to a host each time it makes a request to access the Internet.

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SNAT (static network address translation)

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Using this protocol a gateway has a pool of public IP addresses that it is free to assign to a local host when ever the local host makes a request to access the Internet.

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DNAT (dynamic network address translation)

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A network that is configured to use both IPv4 and IPv6 is known to be what?

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dual stacked

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What utility or command allows you to query the DNS database from any computer on the network and find the host name of a device by specifying its IP address, or vice versa?

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nslookup

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What UNIX command or utility allows you to view and manage TCP/IP settings?

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ifconfig