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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is white matter? |
Composed of myelinated axon |
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What is gray matter? |
Composed of neuron somas |
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What is a tract? |
Bundles of Axon in CNS |
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What is a nerve? |
bundles of Axon in PNS |
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What is a ganglion ? |
Group of neuron somas in PNS |
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What is Nucleus/center? |
Group of neuron somas in CNS |
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What is Menings? what is the functions? |
Connective tissue layers around CNS Functions: Protection, Stabilization |
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Whats the 3 layers of the menings? |
Duramater(outer), Arachnoid, Piamater(Inner) |
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Is duramater the thickest layer? is it in direct contact with the bone? Yes or No |
Yes No |
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Whats a epidural hematoma? |
when the epidural space fills up with blood |
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Whats the epidural space ? |
The space between duramater and bone |
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Whats the subdural space? |
The space between the arachnoid and duramater |
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Whats the piamater? |
stuck on the surface on the nervous tissue of brain & spinal cord |
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What does the subarachrnoid space contain? Is it the only space that contain something in it? |
Cerebraspinal fluid (acts as layer of protection for the brain &spinal cord shock absorber) Yes |
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Where is the Brain located? |
Cranial Cavity |
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Whats the 3 functions of the Brain? |
Sensory perception Motor Control Integration |
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Whats the 6 Regions of the brain? |
Cerebrum Cerebellium Diencephalon Midbrain Pons Medulla Oblagota |
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Whats the Gyris & Sulcus of the Cerebrum?Why are they there ? |
Gyris - Raised ridge of tissue Sulcus - Shallow Groove Increase surface area of Brain mater(Neuron somas) |
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Whats the names of the 3 locations of the Sulcus? Whats a lobe? |
Central Parietal Occipital Lateral
Functional area of the cerebrum |
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Whats the 3 function of the Frontal lobe? |
Personility Reasoning Initiate Voluntary Motor Control |
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Where would you have initiating Voluntary Motor Control? |
Precentral Gyris |
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Where is your Personality , Reasoning localized at? |
Frontal Lobe |
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Whats the 1 function of your Parietal Lobe? |
General Sensory Perception |
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Where would you have General Sensory Perception localized? |
Post Central Gyrus |
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Whats the 1 function of your Occipital Lobe? |
Visual Perception |
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Whats the 2 functions of your Temporal Lobe?
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Auditory Perception Short Term memory |
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Whats a Fissure on the surface cerebrum? |
Deep groove on the surface cerebrum |
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Where is the sagital found? |
Down the center of the cerebrum |
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How many hemispheres does the cerebrum have? |
2 |
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The hemispheres also exhibit what you call ________? What do that term mean ? |
Asymmetry They gonna be very different on what they do |
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Whats the 3 types of Tracts? |
Association Commissural Projection |
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What do a Association tract do? |
Connect areas within the soma hemisphere? |
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What do a Commissural Tract do? |
Connect the two hemispheres Corpus Callosum |
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What do a Projection Tract do? |
Connect the cerebrum with all the regions of the brain & spinal Cord allow neurons in the cerebrum to communicate |
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Whats the 2 different types of the Projection tracts? What do they do? |
Descending- Relays motor info from cerebrum down Ascending- Relays sensory info from other brain regions/ spinal cord up |
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Whats the function of the Basal Nuclei of the Cerebrum? |
Regulate Voluntary motor movement |
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If you cant control Voluntary movement what you would start to get is ________? |
involuntary contractions |
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Whats the 4 main diseases or pathologies that are associated with the Basal Nuclei not being able to work properly? |
Parkinson's Disease Huntington's Disease Hemiballism Tardive dyskinesia |
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Whats Parkinson's Disease? |
Decrease level of Dopamine when you don't have the neurotransmitter it causes the basal nuclei to not function No cure |
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Whats Huntington's Disease? |
It Genetic Part of the basal Nuclei Disappear causes memory loss |
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Whats hemiballism? |
Stroke damages part of one side of basal nuclei |
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Whats Tadive Dyskinesia? |
Doctor induced in people that have Schigophrenic they have a increase amount of dopamine the doctor give medication to decrease the dopamine which could cause Parkinson |
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Whats the 3 functions of the Cerebellum? |
*Maintain Muscle Tone *Regulate balance (equilibrium) *Regulate coordination of agonist + antagonist muscle |
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Whats the 3 structures of the Diencephalon? |
Pineal Gland Thalamus Hypothalmus |
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What is the 1 thing the Pineal Gland of the Diencephalon do? |
Make Melatonin |
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What is the 1 thing the Thalamus of the Diencephalon do ? |
Relay Station for all sensory information |
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What are the 5 things the Hypothalmus of the Diencephalon do and 2 hormones it make? |
Regulates body tempature , hunger, thirst center, emotional processing, link between nervous + endocrine system
Makes 2 hormones: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Oxytocin |
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Whats the superior colliculi of the Mid Brain and Whats the inferior collicui of the Mid Brain? |
Visual Reflexes Auditory Reflexes |
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What do the Pneumotaxic Center & Apneustic Center of the Pons do? |
Alter respiration rate + Depth of breathing |
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What do the Respiratory Rhythimicity Center of the Medulla do? |
Breathing inhaling & exhaling |
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What do the Cardiovascular Center of the Medulla do? |
Regulate heart rate + Blood Pressure |
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What is the Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) made of? |
Chonoid Plexus |
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What are the 2 parts of the Chonoid Plexus ? |
Capillaries(have pores) Ependynal Cells |
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Is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) a filtrate of blood? CSF is produced all the time |
Yes |
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CSF Circulate through ventricular System lateral ventricule 2-in each verebral hemisphere/ 3rd Ventricule- in midline of diencephalon/ Cerebral aqueduct- in midline of mid brain/ 4th Ventricule between cerbellium and pon/ Medulla reabsorbed by Arachnoid villi |
...... |
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What do the word nerve mean? |
Group of axons in a PNS |
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Whats the name of Cranial Nerve I__________. What is the type of it Sensory, Motor, Mixed? What is the function of it? |
Olfactory Sensory Smell |
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Whats the name of Cranial Nerve II__________. What is the type of it Sensory, Motor, Mixed? What is the function of it? |
Optic Sensory Vision |
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Whats the name of Cranial Nerve III__________. What is the type of it Sensory, Motor, Mixed? What is the function of it? |
Oculormotor Motor(Somatic,Parasympathic) Eye Movement |
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Whats the name of Cranial Nerve IV__________. What is the type of it Sensory, Motor, Mixed? What is the function of it? |
Trochlear Motor(Somatic) Eye Movement |
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Whats the name of Cranial Nerve V__________. What is the type of it Sensory, Motor, Mixed? What is the function of it? |
Trigenimal Mixed (Somatic) Feel Sensation, Move mandible for chewing |
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Whats the name of Cranial Nerve VI__________. What is the type of it Sensory, Motor, Mixed? What is the function of it? |
Abducens Motor(Somatic) Eyeball Movement |
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Whats the name of Cranial Nerve VII__________. What is the type of it Sensory, Motor, Mixed? What is the function of it? |
Facial Mixed (Somatic, Parasympathic) Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue Muscle of facial expression |
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Whats the name of Cranial Nerve VIII__________. What is the type of it Sensory, Motor, Mixed? What is the function of it? |
Vestibulocochlear Sensory Hearing |
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Whats the name of Cranial Nerve IX__________. What is the type of it Sensory, Motor, Mixed? What is the function of it? |
Glosspharygeal Mixed (Somatic, Parasympathetic) Taste from 1/3 of tongue Motor-somatic-Elevate Pharyx Parasympathetic- Glandular secreation from 1 of 3 salivatory glands |
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Whats the name of Cranial Nerve X__________. What is the type of it Sensory, Motor, Mixed? What is the function of it? |
Vagus Mixed Sensory-senation from organs of thoraic abdominal cavities Motor Somatic- Swallowing & sound production Parasympathetic- to organ of thoracic & abdominal cavities |
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What Cranial Nerve can a person die from |
XVagus |
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Whats the name of Cranial Nerve XI__________. What is the type of it Sensory, Motor, Mixed? What is the function of it? |
Acessory Motor (Somatic) Shoulder & Head Movement |
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Whats the name of Cranial Nerve XII__________. What is the type of it Sensory, Motor, Mixed? What is the function of it? |
Hypoglossal Motor (Somatic) Tongue Movement (Inveterate skeletal muscle, speak) |
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What are the Cranial Nerves that's Sensory only? |
I.(1) Olfactory II.(2) Optic VIII.(8) Vestibulocochlear |
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What are the Cranial Nerves that inveterate the tongue ? |
VII.(7) Facial IX.(9) Glosspharygeal XII.(12) Hypoglossal |
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Whats the Cranial Nerves that just involve tongue movement ? |
XII.(12) Hypoglossal |
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What are the Cranial Nerves that inveterate taste from the tongue ? |
VII.(7) Facial IX.(9) Glosspharygeal |
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What are the Cranial Nerves that is involved with eye movement ? |
III.(3) Oculormotor IV.(4) Trochlear VI.(6) Abducens |
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What are the Cranial Nerves that have somatic & Parasympathic ? |
III.(3) Oculormotor IX.(9) Glosspharygeal X.(10) Vagus |
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In which cavity would you find the spinal cord |
Veretebral |
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Is the Spinal Cord part of the CNS or PNS? |
CNS |
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What is the spinal Cord surround by ______? |
Menings |
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What is stuck to the surface of the Spinal Cord? |
Pia Mater |
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What is the space between the Achrnoid & Pia Mater? Should there be anything in that space yes or no if yes what? |
Subarachrnoid space Yes Cerebraspinal fluid |
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Between the Duramater & Achrnoid whats that space? Should there be anything there? Yes or No |
Subdural Space No |
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Between the Duramater & Bone Whats that space? What is around the spinal cord of it? |
Epidural Space Adipose Tissue for protection |
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What is the white matter of the spinal cord composed of? |
Projection tracts |
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What is a projection Tract |
Bundle of |
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What do Neuron somas do? |
Process information |
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The Neuron Somas in the brain mater have the ability to process 2 basic types of information __________ & __________ information? |
Sensory Motor |
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What does the Central Canal Contain? |
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) |
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Dorsal Horn process ____________ information? |
Sensory |
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Ventral Horn process ____________ information? |
Motor |
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The Ventral Horn is going to contain what functional type of neuron? Afferent, Efferent, Interneuron |
Efferent Neuron soma |
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How is the axon thru that efferent neuron going to be able to leave the spinal cord and go to muscle tissue? How does motor information get out of the spinal cord? |
Thru the Ventral root Thru the Ventral root |
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The Ventral Root contain ________? |
Efferent Axon |
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The Dorsal Root Ganglion contain ________? |
Afferent Neuron Soma |
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The Dorsal Root is how the sensory information is getting into your spinal cord what would happen if you was to cut all your dorsal root? |
Wont be able to feel anything |
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What is it called when Dorsal Root & Ventral Root merge together? is it a mixed Nerve? Yes or No |
Spinal Nerve Yes |
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Where is the start of your spinal cord ? Its continuous with what brain region the __________? Where is it that the Spinal Cord ends? |
Starts at the base of your skulls Medulla Conus Medullaus found at (between L1,L2 Vert) |
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What stabilize the spinal cord in place? |
Dentriculate Ligaments (Pia Mater) Filum Terminale (Pia Mater) |
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Whats the 5 Regions of the Spinal Cord? |
Cervical (8) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacral (5) Cocygeal (1) |
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Whats a Plexus? |
Interwoven network of spinal nerves |
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Whats the 3 Plexus? What do they do? |
Cervical Phrenic Nerve intervate diaphragm Help to maintain function if Spinal Cord get damaged Brachial Median, ulnar, radial Maintain flexer muscles Lumboscral |
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Autonomic is part of ? |
Efferent portion of nervous system |
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whats the 2 different types of efferent |
somatic efferent Automatic efferent |
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what do Somatic efferent neuron intervate? |
Voluntary skeletal muscle |
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The motor neuron in the Brain & Spinal Cord sends its axon out to release what neuron transimtter |
ACH |
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Somatic efferent neuron soma spinal cord it sends out it one axon to release ACH ..... |
.... |
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In the autonomatic your going to have 2 different neurons which is? |
Preganglionic neuron |
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Preganglionic neuron sends its axon callled a preganglionic axon out of spinal cord brain that axon its going to the synaspe on the 2nd neuron pathway which is called a ganglionic neuron that ganglionic neuron then send which its called a post ganglionic axon out to the effector organ which would be cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, ,gland tissue ..... |
.......... |
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Sympathetic is the _________ part of the autonomic nervous system |
Fight or Flight |
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Parasympathetic is the _________ part of the autonomic nervous system |
Rest & Digest |
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The preganglionic neuron for the sympathetic nervous system our going to be located in the spinal cord between T1 ,L2 spinal cord segments, being the gray matter where you find the preganglionic sympathetic neuron this neuron is going to send its axon which is the preganglionic axon out of the spinal cord thru the ventral root this preganglioninic axon is going to synapse are ganglionic neuron its located next to the spinal cord its going to to send its axon called the post ganglionic axon out to intervate the effector organ cell..... |
..... |
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The Parasympathetic is also called (craniosacral) of the autonomic nervous system that's because of where the preganglionic axons are located in the brain stem, mid brain ,pons, medulla, or the gray matter of the spinal cord between S2-4. The preganglionic neuron of the Parasympathetic is going to send its preganglionic axon out of the brain how is it the axon are getting into the brain which cranial nerve have a parasympathetic to them cranial nerve 3,7,9,10 the preganglionic axon leave the brain stem thru 3,7,9,10 the axons are going to go out then innervate a ganglionic neuron the ganglionic neuron is near the effector organ the preganglionic axon is very long the ganglionic neuron then sends out a short postganglionic axon if you look down in the spinal cord the preganglionic neuron is going to send its axon out of the spinal cord thru the ventral root into some nerves which is called splanchnic nerves that preganglionic axon then go out to intervate a ganglionic neuron which is located right in the effector organ ........ |
........ |
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Location of preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic is? |
T1-L2 |
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Location of preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic is? |
brainstem and S2-4 |
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Length of preganglionic axon of sympathetic is? |
Short |
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Length of preganglionic axon of parasympathetic is? |
Long |
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Neurotransmitter released by preganglionic axon of the sympathetic is? |
ACH |
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Neurotransmitter released by preganglionic axon of the Parasympathetic is? |
ACH |
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Location of postganglionic neuron of the sympathetic is? |
Sympathetic chain ganglion |
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Location of postganglionic neuron of the parasympathetic is? |
Next to or in the wall of effector organ |
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Type of receptor on postganglionic axon of the sympathetic is? |
Nicotinic |
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Type of receptor on postganglionic axon of the Parasympathetic is? |
Nicotinic |
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Length of postganglionic axon of the sympathetic is ? |
Long |
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Length of postganglionic axon of the parasympathetic is ? |
Short |
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Neurotransmitter released by postganglionic axon of the sympathetic is ? |
NE |
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Neurotransmitter released by postganglionic axon of the parasympathetic is ? |
ACH |
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Type of receptor on effector organ of the sympathetic is? |
Alpha and Beta |
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Type of receptor on effector organ of the parasympathetic is? |
muscarinic |
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The Cholenic Receptors would bind_____? |
ACH |
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What are the 2 cholinergic receptors called? |
Muscarinic Receptor Nicotinic Receptor |
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What is Nicotinic Receptor |
Chemically gated Nat channels |
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When a ACh binds to a Nicotinic Receptor what is going to happen ____________ Nat come into the effector organ cell it __________it produce a ________ response it found on all ___________? |
Nat channel open depolarize excitatory ganglionic neurons |
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With the Muscarinic receptors you have 2 different types they are going to be found on the___________________________________ they can produce a Excitatory or inhibitory effect Muscarinic receptors ______ produce _______ but Muscarinic receptors _____ produce ____________ |
effector organ cells of parasymapthic 1,3,5 Excitatory 2,4 Inhibitory |
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Adrenergic Receptors bind _____________? |
NE |
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Adrenergic Receptors they are going to found on the _____________________________ when it come to Adrenergic Receptors it is 2 different types which is _________. The Alpha ones is 1 and 2. The beta ones is 1 and 2. Alpha 1 produce a _________response. Alpha 2 produce a _________ response. Beta 1 produce a _______ response. Beta 2 produce a ___________ response |
effector organ cell of the sympathic Alpha, Beta excitatory inhibitory excitatory inhibitory |
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Alpha 1 increase intracellular Ca2+ levels results in an _________ response? |
excitatory |
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Alpha 2 results in an decrease cAMP levels results in an _________ response? |
Inhibitory |
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Beta 2 alters enzyme activity results in an ___________ response? |
excitatory |
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Beta 1 alters enzyme activity results in an ___________ response? |
Inhibitory |
