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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does the PNS consist of?
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All neuronal structures outside the CNS - including spinal nerves, cranial nerves and portions of the ANS.
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
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There are 31 pairs.
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Where do the cranial nerves run through?
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They start in the brainstem & pass through the foramina in the skull - serve the face and neck.
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What are the two roots in the spinal nerves?
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Ventral & Dorsal.
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Whis root is efferent and which is afferent?
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Ventral = efferent
Dorsal = afferent |
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What does efferent mean?
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Deals w/sensory, directed away from the center - directed away from.
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What is afferent?
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Deals w/motor, proceeding toward a center.
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What is a dermatome?
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Map of the body - area of sensory skin - innervation by a specific spinal nerve.
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How many pairs serve the face and neck?
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There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves - may consist of motor or sensory nerves or both.
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What does the ANS (autonomic nervous system) do?
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Controls involuntary function of the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands.
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What are the two systems of the ANS?
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PNS
SNS |
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What neurotransmitters are in the SNS?
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Acetylcholine & Norepinephrine
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What neurotransmitters are in the PNS?
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Acetylcholine
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Which system has the "fight or flight" response?
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SNS
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What are some effects of the SNS?
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*Increase in strength of heartbeat & rate (B-receptors)
PAGE 1474 - look over |
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Where does the blood supply to the brain come from?
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Internal carotid (front) and vertebral arteries (back).
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Where does cerebral venous blood drain through?
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It drains through the dural sinuses and into the jugular vein - then into superior vena cava....
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The internal carotid artery divides into what two arteries?
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Anterior and middle cerebral artery.
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What is the Circle of Willis?
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By the joining of the arteries in the "circle" - this gives opportunity for the brain to fluctuate any pressure/pressure accomodation. Acts as safety valve.
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What do the vertebral arteris divide into?
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Posterior arteries.
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What is the blood-brain barrier?
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A physiologic barrier between the capillaries and the brain tissue that protects the brain from harmful agents.
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What drugs can enter the brain through this barrier?
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Only certain drugs that are lipid soluble can enter through the barrier.
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What are the three protective structures regarding the nervous system?
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Skull
Meninges Vertebral column |
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What is the protective mechanism of the skull?
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It protects the brain/nervous system from external trauma.
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What do the meninges do?
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Three layers of protective membranes surrounding brain and spinal cord.
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What is the breakdown of the vertebral column?
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7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal.
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What are some effects on the nervous system due to aging?
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Vulnerable to orthostatic hypotension, hyper/hypothermia, decr. memory, vision, hearing, taste, smell, position sense, muscle tone and reaction time. Increased interrupted sleep, insomnias and spontaneous awakening.
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What is apraxia?
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Inability to perform learned movements, defect in motor planning. Caused by cerebral cortex lesion.
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What is aphasia?
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Loss of comprehension and use of language.
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What is ataxia?
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Lack of coordination and movement (such as staggering gait and imbalance).
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What is diplopia?
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Double vision.
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What is dysarthria?
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Lack of coordination in articulating speech.
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What is dyskinesia?
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Impairment of power to execute voluntary movement resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements.
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What is dysphagia?
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Difficulty in swallowing.
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What is homonymous hemianopsia?
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Loss of vision in one side of visual field.
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What does the arterior frontal lobe control?
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It controls high order processes - judgment, insight, reasoning, problem solving, planning and personality.
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What does the posterior temporal lobe control?
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It integrates visual and auditory inputs for language comprehension and past experiences.
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Describe lumbar puncture:
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CSF is aspirated by needle insertion to assess the fluid.
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Describe x-rays for the nervous system:
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X-rays are done on skull & spinal cord to detect fractures.
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Describe CT-scan:
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Detects problems such as hemorrhage and tumors.
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Describe MRI:
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Detects multiple sclerosis and other dx. - uses magnetic energy - imaging.
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Describe MRS (magnetic resonance spectroscopy):
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Used for CVA's - similar to MRI.
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Describe myelogram?
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x-ray of spinal cord after injection of contrast medium into subarachnoid space. (check allergies)
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Describe ultrasounds?
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Carotid duplex studies - soundwaves determine blood flow velocity which indicates presence of occlusion vascular disease.
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