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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
bilaterally symmetrical
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anterior and prosterior end and a right and left side
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cephalization
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sense organs are concentrated at the anterior end
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brain
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a complex integrating center made up of clusters of ganglia
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ganglia
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groupings of neuronal cell bodies
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nuclei
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groupings of neuronal cell bodies within the brain
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tracts
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grouping of axons within the brain
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nerves
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parallel bundles of mylinated and unmylinated axons of afferent (from sensory organs to brain/integrating center) and efferent (from brain/integrating centers to effector organ) neurons enclosed in several layers of connective tissue
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endoneurium
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connective tissue around individual axons
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perineurium
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connective tissue around fasicles
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fasicles
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bundle of axons
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epineurium
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connective tissue around outside of nerve
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mixed nerves
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contain both efferent and afferent neurons
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vertebrate nervous system is unique because
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has hollow dorsal nerve cord
CNS PNS |
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cranial nerves
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-Vagus X is important
-13 pairs -some afferent some efferent -exit directly from brain case - |
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spinal nerves
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-emerge from spinal cord
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grey matter
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neuronal cell bodies
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white matter
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bundles of axons and myelin sheaths
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white matter is on the surface in the spinal cord and greymatter inside for the cerebral cortex it is
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opposite
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meninges
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layers of connective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord
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cerebral spinal fluid
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fills the space within meninges and acts as a shock absorber
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blood brain barrier
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tight junction in brain capillaries prevent material from leaking out of the blood vessels into CNS
-brain has least leaky vessels -since CO2 is a gas can diffuse quickly so brain responds quickly to CO2 levels |
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brain central cavities that are filled with CSF are
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ventricles
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Hindbrain
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reflexes and involuntary movement
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midbrain
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coordination of sensory info
-relay station in mammals |
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fore brain
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-regulation of body temp, reproduction, eating and emotion
-learning and memory in mammals -integration of olfactory information with other senses -consists of cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus |
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Pons
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located above the medulla
-pathway between the medulla and the cerebellum and the forebrain -controls alertness and initiates sleep and dreaming |
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cerebellum
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two hemispheres at back of brain
-motor coordination -contain half of neurons in brain |
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medulla oblongata
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-top of spinal cord
-breathing, heart rate, diameter of blood vessels and blood pressure -may cross over |
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midbrain + pons + medulla=
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brain stem
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cerebrum
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2 cerebral hemispheres connected by corpus callosum
left controls right right controls left |
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cortex
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integrates and interprets sensory information and initiates voluntary movements
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gyri
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folds
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sulci
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grooves
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hypothalamus
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located at the base of the forebrain
-maintains homeostasis -interacts with autonomic nervous system -regulates secretions of pituitary hormones |
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limbic system
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influences emotions, motivation and memory
-includes hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, olfactory bulbs |
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amygdala
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agression and fear responses
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hippocampus
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converts short term memory to long term memory
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olfactory bulbs
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sense of smell
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thalamus
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-large grouping of grey matter above the hypothalamus
-part of reticular formation -recieves imput from limbic and all senses -relays info to cortex, acts as a filter |
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epithalamus
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located above the thalamus
-include hebenular nuclei and pineal complex |
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habenular nuclei
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communicates with tagmentum of forebrain=important into homostasis, regulation of pH
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pineal complex
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sleep patterns
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afferent branch of PNS
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sensory
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efferent branch of PNS is
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autonomic and motor divisions
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autonomic division consists of
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sympathic (flight or fright, periods of stress)
parasympathic (day to day, periods of rest) enteric (digestion) |
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motor division
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skeletal muscles mainly but also smooth and cardiac
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homeostasis is maintained by balancing the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
what are the three features of this |
-duel innervation : most internal organs receive imput from both systems
-antagonistic action: one stimulates, one inhibits -Basal tones : even under rest autonomic neurons produce APs |
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heart has
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parasympathetic -ACH, Vagus nerve, slows heart rate
sympathetic- cardiac nerve, EPI, NE, increases heart rate and force of contraction (inc force= inc stroke volume) |
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bronchioles of lungs
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para- constricts
sym- dilates |
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bladder
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-para-release
-sym-retention of urine |
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in parasympathic pregang releases ACH which binds to Nicotinic receptor on the post gang and releases ACH which binds to muscarinic receptors on the effector organ
what about sympathetic |
pregang releases ach which binds to nicotinic receptors on post gang which release NE which binds to adrenergic receptors on effector organ
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adrenal medulla
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is modified post ganglionic neuron
part of kidney has on sympathetic innervation chromaffin cells release epi |
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reflex arcs
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do not involve the concious centers of the brain
-can involve as few as 2 neurons -can have convergence to allow spatial summation or divergence to amplify signal |
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somatic pathway characteristics
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control only one type of effector, skeletal muscle
-monosynaptic, very long -release ACH -always excitatory |
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habituation
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decrease in response due to repeated exposure
due to inactivation of calicum channels leading to a decrease in NT release |
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acclimation
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longterm adaption
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sensitization
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-increase response to soft stimulus after strong stimulus exposure
-occurs because of inc in Ca2+ entery which inc NT release -involves a secondary circuit |
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secndary circcuit of sensitization
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release serotonin, bind to g coupled receptors, cascade of reactions, inactivation of K+ channels, inc AP duration, inc Ca2+ influx, Inc NT release
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CAM kII
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protien kinase that phosphos the AMPA receptor and increases its sensitivity to glutamate=amplify signal
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long term potentiation
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repetitive stimulation of hippocampal tissue leadst to increase in response of postsynaptic neuron
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