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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
auditory nerve
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the nerve that receives sound wave messages from receptor cells in the cochlea and sends them to the auditory portion of the brain
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cochlea
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-snail shaped structure in the inner ear filled with fluid
-contains receptor cells -when the fluid in the cochlea mover, it triggers the receptor cells |
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decibles
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units of measurement that measure the loudness of sound
-a loud ipod would measure 125 decibles and a whisper 30 |
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ear canal
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the sound waves are funneld through the pinna travel into the middle oart of the ear through it.
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ear infection
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-an infection that occurs in the ear canal
-its reffered to as swimmers ear and can be caused by fungus or bacteria which travels up the eustachian tube -an inner ear infection is generally caused by a virus that damages the semicircular canals causing issues with balance -viruses can damage the auditory nerve causing partial or complete hearing loss |
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ear drum
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-is at the end of the auditory canal
-stretched tight like the top of a music drum and it vibrates when it is hit by sound waves -when the eardrum vibrates it causes three small bones to vibrate -it separates the outer ear from the middle ear |
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eustachian tubes
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-a passage between your middle ear and throat
-have one on each side -keep the pressure from building up by letting air move in and out of your middle ear. |
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incus (or anvil)
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is the second tiny bony in the middle ear that receives sound waves messages in the form or vibrations from the malleus and sends it to the third tiny bone, the stapes
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inner ear
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-totally encased in the skull
-it is filled with fluid |
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malleus (or hammer)
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-the first of the three tiny bones in the middle ear.
-it receives sound wave messages in the form of vibrations from the eardrum and sends them to the incus |
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arachnoid mater
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one of three layers of membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
-it is between the other two layers -it is delicate and spiderweb like -cerebrospinal fluid flows under this membrane |
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nerves
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-made up of bundles of neurons
-certain nerves carry messages to the spinal cord brain -other nerves carry messages from the brain -nerves tend to be larger at the spinal cord and get smaller as they move away from the spinal cord |
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nervous system
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-made up of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs
-receives messages from the environment and sends them to the brain and sends messages from the brain to the structures of the body |
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neurons
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special name for nerve cells
-they make up brain, nerves, and spinal cord -send messages to and from the brain |
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pia mater
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-the delicate innermost layer of the meninges-the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
thin ,mesh like -closely covers the entire surface of the brain, running into the folds of the brain |
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receptor cells
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-specialized nerve cells in the sense organs
-detect simuli from the environment like light, sound, smells, etc |
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reflex
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-an action controlled by a nerve that goes to the spinal cord and not the brain
-saves time and allows the action to occur quickly - |
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sense organs
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-have specialized cells that pick up messages from the environment and send them to the brain.
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spinal cord
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-formed by narrowing of the medulla
-made of nerves that carry messages to and away from the brain -runs down a channel created by the hollow centers of the vertebrae |
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synapse
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are where neurons meet
-dendrites and axons don't actually meet because the synapses are tiny gaps -where the nerve signals can jump from one to the next -the dendrites receive nerve signals from other nerve cells and pass them to the axon -the axon carries them long distances to dendrites of other nerve cells -at the synapses, the signals always pass in the same direction they dont work in reverse |
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terminal fibers
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located at the end of axons
-release molecules that the dendrites or a nearby neuron receives |
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axon
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-long,skinny part of a neuron and sends electrical impulses away from the neurons cell body
-main transmitters of the nervous system -release molecules that the dendrites of a near neuron receives -most neurons cells have one each |
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cell body
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-general part of a cell and holds all of the general parts of a cell including the nucleus, which is the control center of the cell
-has structures that help make energy and get rid of cellular wastes |
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cerebellum
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located under the cerebrum and is responsible for balance, movement, and coordination
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cerebrospinal fluid
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-helps protect the brain and nerve tissue, keeps it healthy and removes waste products
-the brain "floats" in it -located between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater -also fills special spaces in the brain and spinal cord |
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cerebrum
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-largest, most complex part of the brain
-consists of the cerebrum-the area with the folds and grooves -controls intelligence, memory, personality, emotion, speech, and the ability to feel and move |
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cranium
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part of the skeletal system that holds and protects the brain
-makes up the skull with mandible |
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dendrites
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-long thin spidery looking part of a neuron
-one neuron may have more than 10,000 of them -receive nerve messages and carry the signals toward the cell body |
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dura mater
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the tough outermost of the 3 layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord
-helps to protect the brain |
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medulla
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along with the pons, makes up the brainstem
-takes in sends out, and coordinates all the brains messages -also controls many of the bodys automatic functions ,like breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing, digestion, and blinking |
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stapes
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stirrup shapes bone in the middle ear
smallest lightest bone in the human body -transfers sound waves to the cochlea |
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middle ear
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located between the eardrum and the oval window of the cochlea
-contains three tiny bones -main function is to transfer sound waves to the cochlea |
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semicircular canals
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connected to the cochlea
-filled with fluid -when you move the fluid moves triggering nerve messages that make you aware of your position |
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sound waves
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-made when noise causes air molecules to vibrate
-when they reach the tympanum, it vibrates the three tiny bones which transfer the vibration to the cochlea -vibrations are turned into a nerve signal which is carried to the brain by the auditory nerve |
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pinnae or auricles
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structures on the sides of your head which funnel sound waves into your auditory canal
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noise pollution
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any loud or constant that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life.
common form is from transportation- cars and planes, put also from power tools, barking dogs, appliances, etc |
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distance vision
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allows you to see objects that are 20 feet or more from the viewer
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peripheral vision
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allows you to see left and right w/out turning your head. weaker in humans than other animals
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pupil
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-entrance to the inside of the eyeball
the muscles of the iris control the size of it the bigger it is the more light is let in |
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retina
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lines the back of the inside of the eyeball and is made of receptor cells that are sensitive to light. converts light to nerve messages
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iris
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colored part of the eye
-has muscle fibers that contract and relax to control the size of the pupil |
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cornea
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tough, transparent outer layer that protects the front of the eye
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lens
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small disc made of clear living cells
-held in place by muscles that contract and relax causing it to bulge or flatten -controls your ability to focus on objects near or far |
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optic nerve
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attached to the back of the eyeball
-receives light messages from the retina and sends them to the brain |
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tapetum
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reflective layer in the back of the eye in some animals. helps with night vision
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choroid
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-layer between the retina and the sclera. made up of layers of blood vessels that nourish the back of the eye
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light pollution
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-excessive or disruptive artificial light
-disrupts ecosystems and has adverse health effects -since the early 1980s a global dark sky movement has emereged with concerned people campaigning to reduce the amount of light pollution -it can cause damage to the environment |