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483 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The 'NERVOUS SYSTEM' is separated into 2 'MAJOR SYSTEMS'. What are they?
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1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) 2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
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The 'CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM' contains what 2 major organs?
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1. BRAIN 2. SPINAL CORD
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The 'BRAIN' is separated into 2 different types of 'MATTER'. What are the they?
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1. GRAY MATTER 2. WHITE MATTER
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'GRAY MATTER' in the 'CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM' is defined as what?
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GRAY MATTER = NERVE CELL BODIES
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'WHITE MATTER' in the 'CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM' is defined as what?
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WHITE MATTER = MYELINATED AXONS
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Where is the 'NERVE TRACT' located? In what 'MAJOR NERVOUS SYSTEM COMPONENT'?
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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
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The 'NERVE TRACT' which is located in the 'CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM'. Is defined as what?
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GROUP OF NERVE FIBERS WITHIN THE 'CNS' THAT HAVE A COMMON ORIGIN/DESTINATION. (ASCENDING/DESCENDING)
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Where is the 'NERVE TRACT' located?
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ONLY IN THE 'CNS'
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The 'NUCLEUS' in regards to the 'CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM' is defined as what?
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NUCLEUS = CLUSTER OF 'NERVE CELL BODIES' *ONLY IN THE 'CNS'
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What is the 'PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM' (PNS) defined as? (*2 Things)
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NERVOUS TISSUE OUTSIDE THE: 1. 'BRAIN' 2. 'SPINAL CORD'
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How many pairs of 'CRANIAL NERVES' are there in the 'PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM'?
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12 PAIRS
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How many pairs of 'SPINAL NERVES' are there in the 'PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM'?
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31 PAIRS
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In the 'PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM', what is a 'NERVE' defined as?
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GROUP OF NERVE FIBERS WITH COMMON ORIGIN/DESTINATION. 1. AFFERENT (SENSORY) 2. EFFERENT (MOTOR)
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'PERIPHERAL SYSTEM NERVES' are separated into 2 types. What are they?
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1. AFFERENT (SENSORY) 2. EFFERENT (MOTOR)
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What is a 'GANGLION' defined as? Where is it located?
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CLUSTER OF NERVE CELL BODIES ONLY IN THE 'PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM'
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What is the 'AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM' composed of? What 2 divisions is it separated into?
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COMPOSED OF SPECIFIC STRUCTURES IN THE 'CNS' and 'PNS'. 1. SYMPATHETIC DIVISION 2. PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION
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What are the 2 'STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS' of the 'NERVOUS SYSTEM'?
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1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) 2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
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What are the 2 'FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS' of the 'NERVOUS SYSTEM'?
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1. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) 2. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (SKELETAL SYSTEM)
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What are the 4 'PRINCIPAL FUNCTIONS' of the 'NERVOUS SYSTEM'?
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1. ORIENTATION 2. COORDINATION 3. ASSIMILATION 4. PROGRAMMING
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What is 'CEREBRAL PALSY' and what are the 4 symptoms of it?
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ABNORMAL PATHOLOGY OF THE BRAIN 1. PARALYSIS 2. LACK OF COORDINATION 3. MOTOR/SENSORY DYSFUNCTIONS
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What is a 'COMA' defined as?
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DEGREE OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS RESULT MAY BE FROM A MANY NUMBER OF DIFFERENT CAUSES.
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There are 5 steps taking during a 'NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION'. What are they?
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1. MENTAL STATUS/SPEECH 2. CRANIAL NERVES 3. THE MOTOR SYSTEM 4. THE SENSORY SYSTEM 5. REFLEXES
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Someone diagnosed with 'PARAPLEGIA' has what?
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PERMANENT PARALYSIS OF 'BOTH' LEGS DUE TO INJURY OR DISEASE OF THE 'SPINAL CORD'
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Someone diagnosed with 'QUADRIPLEGIA' has what?
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PERMANENT PARALYSIS OF ARMS 'AND' LEGS DUE TO 'SPINAL CORD' INJURY OR DISEASE.
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What is a 'NEURON' also known as in the 'NERVOUS SYSTEM' terminology? (*There are 2 names)
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1. NERVE CELL 2. NERVE FIBER
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What is a 'NEURON' defined as in the 'NERVOUS SYSTEM'?
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STRUCTURAL/FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE 'NERVOUS SYSTEM'
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What is the main function of a 'NEURON'?
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CONDUCT IMPULSES TOWARD/AWAY FROM THE 'CELL BODY'
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What are the 3 components to a 'NEURON'?
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1. CELL BODY 2. DENDRITES 3. AXONS
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What is the 'CELL BODY' of a 'NEURON' defined as? What does it contain? (5 things)
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ENLARGED PORTION OF THE NEURON CONTAINS: 1. NUCLEUS 2. NISSL BODIES (ROUGH ER) 3. NEUROFIBRILS (PROTEIN) 4. OTHER ORGANELLES
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What are 'DENDRITES' defined as? What is their main function?
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CYTOPLASMIC EXTENSIONS RECEIVE STIMULI AND CONDUCT 'IMPULSES' TO THE 'CELL BODY' (*TOWARD NERVE BODY!)
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What are 'AXONS' defined as? What 2 types are there and where are each of these types generally located?
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CYLINDRICAL PROCESSES THAT CONDUCT IMPULSES 'AWAY' FROM THE CELL BODY. 1. SHORT AXONS (CNS) 2. LONG AXONS (PNS)
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Which type of 'AXONS' are usually 'MYELINATED'? Why?
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LONG AXONS MYELIN SHEATH HELPS CONDUCT IMPULSES FASTER
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What are 'SCHWANN CELLS', and in what system are they located?
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ANOTHER NAME FOR 'MYELINATED 'LONG' AXONS' ONLY IN THE 'PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM' (PNS)
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What are 'OLIGODENDROCYTES', and in what system are they located?
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ANOTHER NAME FOR 'MYELINATED 'LONG' AXONS' ONLY IN THE 'CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM' (CNS)
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What are 'NODES OF RANVIER'?
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SEGMENTS IN THE 'MYELIN SHEATH' (*LOCATED BETWEEN SCHWANN CELLS/OLIGODENDROCYTES)
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Where do 'AXONS' terminate?
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AT THE 'PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL' OF THE 'NEURON'
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Because there are many 'NEURONS' in the body, how are they classified? (*3 THINGS)
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1. DIRECTION OF 'IMPULSE CONDUCTION' 2. NUMBER OF 'CYTOPLASMIC PROCESSES' 3. AREA OF 'INNERVATION'
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There are 3 types of 'NEURONS' defined by 'IMPULSE CONDUCTION'. What are they?
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1. SENSORY (AFFERENT) 2. INTERNEURONS 3. MOTOR (EFFERENT)
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What is the function of a 'SENSORY' neuron? Is it 'AFFERENT' or 'EFFERENT'?
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TRANSMIT NERVE IMPULSE 'TO' THE 'CNS' (BRAIN) (e.g. PAIN RESPONSE) 'AFFERENT' (*HINT - (A)FFERENT (A)RRIVES TO THE BRAIN)
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What is the function of a 'MOTOR' neuron? Is it 'AFFERENT' or 'EFFERENT'?
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TRANSMIT NERVE IMPULSE 'AWAY' FROM THE 'CNS' (BRAIN). (e.g. MUSCULAR RESPONSE) 'EFFERENT' (*HINT - (E)FFERENT (E)XITS THE BRAIN)
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What is the function of 'INTERNEURONS' and what are they also known as? (*2 other names)
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CONDUCT THE 'IMPULSES' BETWEEN BOTH SENSORY 'AND' MOTOR' NEURONS. [*HINT - (INTER)states bridge the gap between states. (INTER)neurons bridge the gap between SENSORY/MOTOR neurons.] ALSO KNOWN AS: 1. INTERNUNCIAL NEURONS 2. ASSOCIATION NEURONS
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'NEURONS' that have only '1 AXON' and '2+ DENDRITES' are known as what kind of neurons?
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'MULTI'POLAR
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'NEURONS' that have only '1 AXON' and '1 DENDRITE' are known as what kind of neurons?
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'BI'POLAR
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'NEURONS' that have only '1 SINGLE PROCESS' (aka - DENDRITE/AXON connected together) are known as what kind of neurons?
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'UNI'POLAR
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There are 4 specific types of 'NEURON INNERVATION'. What are they?
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1. SOMATIC (A)FFERENT (SKELETAL) 2. SOMATIC (E)FFERENT (SKELETAL) 3. VISCERAL (A)FFERENT (ORGANS) 4. VISCERAL (E)FFERENT (ORGANS) [*Hint - (A)fferent (A)rrives to the brain (CNS) and (E)fferent (E)xits)the brain (CNS).]
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What is the definition of a 'SOMATIC AFFERENT' neuron? What is its functions?
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NEURONS WITHIN SKIN, MUSCLES, JOINTS. (SOMATIC SYSTEM = SKELETAL) FUNCTION: RECEIVE STIMULI -> CONVEY IMPULSE (TO) THE BRAIN (CNS). [*Hint - (A)fferent (A)rrives to the brain (CNS) and (E)fferent (E)xits)the brain (CNS).]
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What is the definition of a 'SOMATIC EFFERENT' neuron? What is its functions?
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NEURONS WITHIN SKIN, MUSCLES, JOINTS. (SOMATIC SYSTEM = SKELETAL) FUNCTION: RECEIVE STIMULI -> CONVEY IMPULSE (FROM) THE BRAIN (CNS) -> SKELETAL MUSCLES [*Hint - (A)fferent (A)rrives to the brain (CNS) and (E)fferent (E)xits)the brain (CNS).]
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What is the definition of a 'VISCERAL AFFERENT' neuron? What is its functions?
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NEURONS LOCATED ON/IN 'INTERNAL ORGANS' (VISCERAL SYSTEM = INTERNAL ORGANS) FUNCTION: RECEIVE STIMULI -> CONVEY IMPULSE (TO) THE BRAIN (CNS) 'FROM' INTERNAL MUSCLES [*Hint - (A)fferent (A)rrives to the brain (CNS) and (E)fferent (E)xits)the brain (CNS).]
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What is the definition of a 'VISCERAL EFFERENT' neuron? What is its functions?
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NEURONS LOCATED ON/IN 'INTERNAL ORGANS' (VISCERAL SYSTEM = INTERNAL ORGANS) FUNCTION: RECEIVE STIMULI -> CONVEY IMPULSE (FROM) THE BRAIN (CNS) 'TO' INTERNAL MUSCLES [*Hint - (A)fferent (A)rrives to the brain (CNS) and (E)fferent (E)xits)the brain (CNS).]
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What is 'RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL' defined as?
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WHEN A NEURON IS 'NOT' CONDUCTING AN 'IMPULSE'
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What components of a 'NEURON' constitute the ability to create an 'IMPULSE'?
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THE 'DIFFERENCE' IN THE ELECTRICAL CHARGE BETWEEN THE INSIDE/OUTSIDE OF THE 'CELL MEMBRANE'
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When a 'NEURON' is 'UN-STIMULATED', how is there a difference in electrical charge inside and outside the cell membrane?
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DUE TO THE 'IMBALANCE' OF CHARGED PARTICLES (IONS/PROTEINS) BETWEEN THE 'INTRACELLULAR' AND 'EXTRACELLULAR' FLUIDS.
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What is the 'OVERALL' charge of 'NEURON' when it is at 'REST' or 'UN-STIMULATED'? Why is it like this?
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OVERALL NEGATIVE (-) CHARGE BECAUSE OF 'LARGE' NEGATIVELY (-) CHARGED PROTEINS THAT ARE 'NOT' PERMEABLE TO THE CELL MEMBRANE
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When the membrane of the 'NEURON' is said to be 'POLARIZED', what does this mean?
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MORE (+) POSITIVE IONS 'OUTSIDE' MORE (-) NEGATIVE IONS 'INSIDE' *MEMBRANE IS AT 'REST' OR 'UN-STIMULATED' AND AT 'EQUILIBRIUM'
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What are 'POSITIVE (+) IONS' also called?
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CATIONS (+)
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What are 'NEGATIVE (-) IONS' also called?
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ANIONS (-)
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There are 3 mechanisms that are responsible for the 'IMBALANCE' in particles (charge) across the 'NEURON CELL MEMBRANE'. What are they?
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1. SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP 2. PERMEABILITY OF K+ TO Na+ 3. PROTEIN IMPERMEABILITY
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Which 'IONS' are more favorable with cell permeability in the 'CELL MEMBRANE' of a 'NEURON'?
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MORE PERMEABLE TO 'K+ IONS' (*K+ IONS MOVE 'OUTWARD' AND FASTER THAN Na+ IONS MOVE 'INWARD')
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Which 'IONS' are 'LESS' favorable with cell permeability in the 'CELL MEMBRANE' of a 'NEURON'?
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LESS PERMEABLE TO 'Na+ IONS' (*Na+ IONS MOVE 'INWARD' AND SLOWER THAN K+ IONS MOVE 'OUTWARD')
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How does the 'SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP' function with respect to 'NEURONS'? What type of 'TRANSPORT' is this? Why?
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MOVES 'Na+' IONS TO 'OUTSIDE' MOVES 'K+' IONS TO 'INSIDE' 'ACTIVE TRANSPORT'. REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP) TO FACILITATE TRANSPORT.
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What is the 'NORMAL' charge inside of the 'NEURON' when it is at 'REST' or 'UN-STIMULATED'?
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-65 to -85mV
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The 'CELL MEMBRANE' is ______ permeable to 'K+ IONS' and _____ permeable to 'Na+ IONS'. This makes it so that '____ IONS' move outward faster than the '____ IONS' move inward.
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1. MORE PERMEABLE TO 'K+ IONS' 2. LESS PERMEABLE TO 'Na+ IONS' 3. 'K+ IONS' MOVE OUTWARD FASTER 4. 'Na+ IONS' MOVE INWARD SLOWER
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What characteristic of the 'CELL MEMBRANE' holds a 'NEGATIVE (-) CHARGE' over a positive charge?
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THE 'IMPERMEABILITY' OF THE CELL MEMBRANE TO LARGE NEGATIVELY (-) CHARGED 'PROTEINS' INSIDE THE 'NEURON'. 'FEWER' (-) CHARGED PARTICLES MOVE OUT WHEREAS 'MORE' (+) CHARGED PARTICLES MOVE OUT
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TRUE OR FALSE 'ALL' CELLS OF THE BODY HAVE ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS ACROSS THEIR CELL MEMBRANES?
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TRUE 'ALL' CELLS HAVE ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS
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Which 2 types of cells have the ability to 'ALTER/ADAPT' their 'RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL' in response to appropriate stimuli? How does this work?
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1. NERVE CELLS 2. MUSCLE CELLS VARYING MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY TO DIFFERENT 'IONS'.
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An 'ACTION POTENTIAL' can be separated into 3 points. What are they?
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1. SPIKE 2. NERVE IMPULSE 3. DISCHARGE
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TRUE OR FALSE 'ACTION POTENTIALS' ARE 'NOT' SIMILAR IN SIZE/DURATION. THEY 'DIMINISH' AS THEY ARE CONDUCTED DOWN AN 'AXON'.
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FALSE THEY ARE 'SIMILAR' IN 'SIZE/DURATION'. THEY DO 'NOT' DIMINISH AS THEY ARE CONDUCTED DOWN AN 'AXON'
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What 2 characteristics of an 'ACTION POTENTIAL' constitute the 'CODE' as well as the 'DESTINATION' of the 'IMPULSE'?
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1. FREQUENCY 2. PATTERN
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TRUE OR FALSE ACTION POTENTIALS 'ARE' SIMILAR IN 'ALL' ORGANISMS.
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TRUE 'ACTION POTENTIALS' ARE SIMILAR IN ALL ORGANISMS. (FROM A SQUID TO A COLLEGE STUDENT)
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How can an 'ACTION POTENTIAL' be recorded? (*Name of the instrument used)
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VIA AN 'OSCILLOSCOPE' OR 'VOLTMETER'
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How often does/can an 'ACTION POTENTIAL' occur?
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VERY RAPIDLY (Every 2 msec) or 1000/second
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What happens to inside of the 'CELL MEMBRANE' during an 'ACTION POTENTIAL'? What is the state of the 'MEMBRANE' referred to as?
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BECOMES POSITIVE (+) INSIDE STATE OF BEING 'DEPOLARIZED'
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During an 'ACTION POTENTIAL' there are 5 characteristics (phases) that occur. What are they?
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1. RISING PHASE 2. OVERSHOOT 3. FALLING PHASE 4. UNDERSHOOT/HYPERPOLARIZATION 5. RESTORATION OF RESTING POTENTIAL
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What is the 'RISING PHASE' of an 'ACTION POTENTIAL'? When does this phase occur?
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RAPID 'DEPOLARIZATION' OF THE 'MEMBRANE' (Na+ IONS MOVE INTO CELL TO MAKE OVERALL CHARGE MORE (+) POSITIVE) 1st PHASE DURING 'ACTION POTENTIAL'
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What is the 'OVERSHOOT' phase of an 'ACTION POTENTIAL'? When does this phase occur?
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INSIDE OF MEMBRANE BECOMES 'POSITIVE (+)' (+40mV) 2nd PHASE DURING 'ACTION POTENTIAL'
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What is the 'FALLING PHASE' of an 'ACTION POTENTIAL'? When does this phase occur?
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MEMBRANE IS RAPIDLY 'REPOLARIZED' (K+ IONS MOVE OUT OF CELL TO MAKE OVER ALL CHARGE MORE (-) NEGATIVE)
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What is the 'UNDERSHOOT' or 'HYPERPOLARIZATION' phase of an 'ACTION POTENTIAL'?
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WHERE THE 'ACTION POTENTIAL' GOES DOWN TO A MORE (-) NEGATIVE CHARGE THAN ITS NORMAL RESTING POTENTIAL. (UNDERSHOOT)
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What is an 'ACTION POTENTIAL' defined as? What causes this to occur?
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'STIMULUS' APPLIED TO A NEURON'S MEMBRANE. CREATES A 'WAVE OF DEPOLARIZATION' ALONG THE FIBER.
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When an 'ACTION POTENTIAL' is created, there are 10 standard steps that occur. What are they 10 steps?
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1. STIMULATION OF MEMBRANE 2. SODIUM CHANNELS OPEN 3. SODIUM IONS MOVE 'INWARD' 4. THRESHOLD (-55mV) REACHED 5. DEPOLARIZATION OF MEMBRANE 6. REVERSE POLARIZATION 7. *STEP 6 ACTS AS STIMULUS TO ADJACENT REGIONS 8. POTASSIUM CHANNEL 'OPEN' 9. PUMPS TRANSPORT SODIUM BACK OUT OF 'NEURON' AND POTASSIUM 'INTO' 'NEURON'.
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What are 3 factors that can be considered 'adequate stimulation' of a membrane to create an 'ACTION POTENTIAL'?
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1. PHYSICAL 2. CHEMICAL 3. TEMPERATURE (DIFFERENT NEURONS = DIFFERENT STIMULI)
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When 'Na+ IONS' move inward, what happens to the cell membrane?
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BECOMES 'LESS' NEGATIVE
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What is the 'THRESHOLD LEVEL'? What does 'ALL or NONE' mean with regards to this?
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THRESHOLD LEVEL = -55mV LEVEL THAT MUST BE CROSSED IN ORDER TO TRIGGER AN 'ACTION POTENTIAL'. 'ALL or NONE' = Unless a 'STIMULUS' makes cell membrane reach -55 mV, an 'ACTION POTENTIAL' will 'NOT' be created.
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TRUE OR FALSE The 'GREATER' the stimulus, the larger the 'ACTION POTENTIAL'.
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FALSE 'ALL or NONE' MEANS THAT ONLY THRESHOLD LEVEL HAS TO BE REACHED FOR AN 'ACTION POTENTIAL' TO BE CREATED. (-55mV)
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What happens when nerve/muscle fibers receive a 'SUB-THRESHOLD' stimulus?
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NO RESPONSE / NO 'ACTION POTENTIAL'
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What is the 'ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD' defined as?
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INTERVAL DURING AN ACTIVE 'ACTION POTENTIAL' WHERE ANOTHER STIMULUS 'CANNOT' CREATE ANOTHER 'ACTION POTENTIAL' RESPONSE BECAUSE THE CHANNELS ARE ALREADY OPEN. (*HINT - 'ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD' = 'ABSOLUTELY [NOT] GOING TO HAPPEN')
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What is the 'RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD' defined as?
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INTERVAL WHERE NEURON WILL 'NOT' RESPOND TO A NORMAL STIMULUS. A VERY 'STRONG' STIMULUS WILL PRODUCE A 'SECOND' 'ACTION POTENTIAL'. (*HINT - '2nd ACTION POTENTIAL CREATION IS 'RELATIVE' TO STRENGTH OF STIMULUS')
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Until the 'RE-POLARIZATION' is ____ completed, a 2nd 'ACTION POTENTIAL' cannot be produced. What is this referred to as?
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'1/3 COMPLETED' 'ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD' (*HINT - 'ABSOLUTELY [NOT] GOING TO HAPPEN')
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Which molecules act as 'CHAPERONES' for the 'Na+ IONS'? Why is this important?
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WATER (H2O) THIS 'ION-WATER' COMPLEX ALLOWS 'Na+' TO MOVE THROUGH PORES AND EXCLUDE 'K+ IONS'.
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TRUE OR FALSE Na+ CHANNELS OPEN RELATIVELY 'SLOW'
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FALSE Na+ CHANNELS OPEN 'RAPIDLY
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What are 3 characteristics about the 'Na + CHANNELS' in a 'NEURON CELL'?
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1. OPEN VERY RAPIDLY/FIRST 2. STAY OPEN FOR ~1msec 3. CANNOT OPEN AGAIN UNTIL 'AFTER' 'ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD' IS OVER.
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What is 'TTX' and what does it do? Where is it found?
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TETRODOTOXIN (TTX) PHYSICALLY BLOCKS 'Na+' PORES FOUND IN 'JAPANESE PUFFER FISH'
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What does 'SAXITOXIN' do? Where is it found?
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BLOCKS 'Na+' PORES FOUND IN CLAMS, MUSSELS AND OTHER SHELL FISH.
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What is 'BATRACHOTOXIN' do?
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CAUSES THE 'Na+ CHANNELS' TO OPEN AND STAY OPEN MUCH LONGER
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What are the characteristics of 'K+ CHANNELS'? (*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM)
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1. DO NOT IMMEDIATELY OPEN UPON 'DEPOLARIZATION' 2. OPEN WHEN 'Na+ CHANNELS' CLOSE 3. MOVE OF K+ DURING 'RE-POLARIZATION' REFERRED TO AS 'DELAYER RECTIFIER'
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What is the 'DELAYER RECTIFIER' defined as?
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THE MOVEMENT OF 'K+ IONS' DURING THE 'RE-POLARIZATION' OF AN 'ACTION POTENTIAL'
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Why does an 'ACTION POTENTIAL' most of the time only move in 'ONE-DIRECTION'? What is this known as?
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BECAUSE THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL BEHIND IT IS IN 'ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY' PHASE THUS NO IMPULSE CAN BE CREATED FROM ANY STIMULUS. KNOWN AS 'ORTHODROMIC CONDUCTION'
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What is 'ORTHODROMIC CONDUCTION' Is this common/uncommon?
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'ONE-WAY' CONDUCTION OF 'NERVE IMPULSES' *MOST COMMON UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS
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What is 'ANTIDROMIC CONDUCTION'? Is this common/uncommon?
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'TWO-WAY' (BACKWARD PROPAGATION) CONDUCTION OF 'NERVE IMPULSES' *VERY UNCOMMON - UNDER 'EXPERIMENTAL' CONDITIONS
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What is 'CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION'? In what type of 'NEURON' does this occur in?
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IMPULSE TRAVELS ALONG THE 'ENTIRE' SURFCE OF THE MEMBRANE SURFCAE OCCURS IN 'UNMYELINATED NEURONS'
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An 'UNMYELINATED NEURON' travels approximately how fast? What type of 'CONDUCTION' do these types of 'NEURONS' use?
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1m/sec 'CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION'
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A 'MYELINATED NEURON' travels approximately how fast? What type of 'CONDUCTION' do these types of 'NEURONS' use?
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100m/sec 'SALTATORY CONDUCTION'
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Why do 'MYELINATED NEURONS' travel faster than 'UNMYELINATED NEURONS'? (*2 MAIN FACTORS)
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1. 'MYELIN SHEATH' CREATES INSULATION TO THE 'AXON' 2. 'NODES OF RANVIER' ALLOW ACTION POTENTIALS TO 'LEAP' WHERE 'MYELIN SHEATH' COVERS AXON.
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What are the characteristics/benefits of 'SALTATORY CONDUCTION'?
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1. INCREASE VELOCITY OF IMPULSE CONDUCTION 2. CONSERVES ENERGY (BECAUSE Na+ AND K+ PUMPS ONLY HAVE TO RE-ESTABLISH CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCES AT 'NODES OF RANVIER'.
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What is 'MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS'?
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2nd MOST COMMON 'CNS DISEASE' AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE WHERE BODY ATTACKS THE 'MYELIN SHEATH' (OLIGODENDROGLIA) IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM WHICH CAUSES NERVE CONDUCTION INTERRUPTED.
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What are the 10 symptoms of 'MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS'?
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1. DISTURBANCES IN SPEECH 2. DISTURBANCES IN VISION 3. NUMBNESS 4. FATIGUE 5. DEPRESSION 6. LOSS OF COORDINATION 7. UNCONTROLLABLE TREMORS 8. LOSS OF BLADDER CONTROL 9. MEMORY PROBLEMS 10. PARALYSIS
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What are some of the possible treatments for 'MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS'?
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1. ACTH (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) TREATMENT 2. EXERCISE 3. PHYSICAL THERAPY
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What is 'TAY-SACHS DISEASE'?
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INHERITED DISEASE IN WHICH THE 'MYELIN SHEATHS' ARE DESTROYED. EXCESSIVE LIPID ACCUMULATION OCCURS IN THE MEMBRANE LAYERS.
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How does 'LOCAL ANESTHESIA' work? What are 2 examples of drugs of this type?
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BLOCK THE INITIATION OF 'ACTION POTENTIALS' IN NEURONS. PHYSICALLY BLOCK SODIUM CHANNELS LIDOCAINE AND COCAINE ARE ARE EXAMPLES OF DRUGS THAT ARE LOCAL ANESTHETICS.
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What is the 'SYNAPSE' defined as?
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JUNCTION BETWEEN '2 NEURONS' WHERE THE ELECTRICAL IMPULSE OF ONE NEURON INITIATES A SERIES OF EVENTS
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What are the 3 parts of a 'SYNAPSE'?
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1. AXONS TERMINALS 2. SYNAPTIC CLEFT 3. POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE
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What are 'AXON TERMINALS' defined as?
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SMALL ROUNDED/OVAL KNOBS, BOUTONS, END FEET OR 'PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS'. SITE WHERE 'SYNAPTIC VESICLES' CONTAINING 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS' ARE LOCATED.
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What are the 3 main 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS'? What do they do?
|
1. ACETYL CHOLINE (ACh) 2. NOREPINEPHRINE (NorEPI) 3. EPINEPHRINE (EPI) *STIMULATE MUSCLES
|
|
What is the 'SYNAPTIC CLEFT' defined as?
|
MICROSCOPIC SPACE BETWEEN THE '2 NEURONS'
|
|
What is the 'POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE' defined as?
|
CELL MEMBRANE THAT CONTAINS 'SPECIFIC RECEPTORS' FOR THE 'NEUROTRANSMITTER'
|
|
There are 5 events that take place each time a 'SYNAPSE' is made. What are they?
|
1. IMPULSE TO AXON TERMINAL (PRESYNAPTIC NEURON) 2. Ca+ CAUSES RELEASE OF NEUROTRANSMITTER INTO SYNAPTIC CLEFT 3. NEUROTRANSMITTER DIFFUSES ACROSS SYNAPTIC CLEFT/DETECTED BY RECEPTORS ON POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON 4. POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE = STIMULATED/INHIBITED DEPENDING ON NEUROTRANSMITTER 5. NEUROTRANSMITTER IS DIFFUSED OUT OF CLEFT OR METABOLIZED
|
|
What are the 2 enzymes that metabolize the excess 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' left in the synaptic cleft?
|
1.CHOLINESTERASE (ACh) 2. MONOAMINE OXIDASE (NorEPI)
|
|
What 'ENZYME' metabolizes excess 'ACETYLCHOLINE' in the 'SYNAPTIC CLEFT'?
|
CHOLINESTERASE
|
|
What 'ENZYME' metabolizes excess 'NOREPINEPHRINE' in the 'SYNAPTIC CLEFT'?
|
MONOAMINE OXIDASE
|
|
What are the 3 characteristics of a 'SYNAPSE'?
|
1. SYNAPTIC DELAY 2. SYNAPTIC FATIGUE (DEPLETION OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER) 3. ONE-WAY CONDUCTION
|
|
Drugs may influence/alter 'SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION' in what 4 different ways?
|
1. 'SYNTHESIS' OF NEUROTRANSMITTER 2. 'RELEASE' OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER 3. 'BINDING' OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER WITH THE RECEPTOR 4. 'DESTRUCTION' OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER
|
|
How does 'NERVE GAS' function?
|
ACTS AS AN 'ANTI-CHOLINESTERASE' *MUSCLES STAY CLINCHED AND ACETYL CHOLINE (ACh) IS NOT BROKEN DOWN.
|
|
What 3 disease affect 'SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION'?
|
1. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS 3. BOTULISM
|
|
What is 'PARKINSON'S DISEASE' defined as?
|
LACK OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER 'DOPAMINE'
|
|
What is 'MYASTHENIA GRAVIS' defined as?
|
BLOCKS 'ACETYLCHOLINE' (ACh) NEUROTRANSMITTER RECEPTORS.
|
|
What is 'BOTULISM' defined as?
|
'INHIBITION' OF 'ACETYL CHOLINE' (ACh) RELEASE
|
|
There are 2 types of transmissions in 'NEURONS'. What are they?
|
1. EXCITATORY 2. INHIBITORY
|
|
What is 'SYNAPTIC INTEGRATION' defined as?
|
ABILITY FOR A SINGLE 'NEURON' TO BY STIMULATED BY: 1. EXCITATORY TRANSMISSIONS 2. INHIBITORY TRANSMISSIONS FROM 'DIFFERENT' 'PRESYNAPTIC NEURONS'
|
|
What to 'EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS' do?
|
CAUSE THE 'POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON' TO BECOME 'ACTIVE'.
|
|
What to 'INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS' do?
|
CAUSE THE 'POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON' TO BECOME 'INHIBITORY'.
|
|
What is 'SYNAPTIC EXCITATION'? What is it also referred as when this occurs?
|
'EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS' INCREASE THE POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE'S PERMEABILITY TO SODIUM (Na+) IONS KNOWN AS 'EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' (EPSP)
|
|
What is 'EPSP'? What is the 'MEMBRANE' said to be in this state?
|
'EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' 'EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS' INCREASE MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY TO Na+ IONS. MEMBRANE IS SAID TO BE 'HYPOPOLARIZED'
|
|
During an 'EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' (EPSP), the membrane is said to be what?
|
HYPOPOLARIZED
|
|
What are the 2 different ways in order to get 'EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' (EPSP) to reach an 'ACTION POTENTIAL'? (*HINT - SUMMATIONS)
|
1. SPATIAL SUMMATION 2. TEMPORAL SUMMATION
|
|
What is 'SPATIAL SUMMATION'?
|
'SEVERAL' PRESYNAPTIC NEURONS SIMULTANEOUSLY RELEASE NEUROTRANSMITTERS TO A SINGLE POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON. (*HINT - (S)PATIAL AND (S)EVERAL)
|
|
What is 'TEMPORAL SUMMATION'?
|
'EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' (EPSP) result of the 'RAPID' discharge from the 'SAME' presynaptic terminal.
|
|
What is 'SYNAPTIC INHIBITION'? What is it also referred as when this occurs?
|
'INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS' INCREASE THE POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE'S PERMEABILITY TO CHLORIDE (Cl-) AND POTASSIUM (K+) IONS. KNOWN AS 'INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' (IPSP)
|
|
What is 'IPSP'? What is the 'MEMBRANE' said to be in this state?
|
'INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' 'INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS' INCREASE MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY TO (CHLORINE) Cl- AND (POTASSIUM) K+ IONS. MEMBRANE IS SAID TO BE 'HYPERPOLARIZED'
|
|
During an 'INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' (IPSP), the membrane is said to be what?
|
'HYPERPOLARIZED'
|
|
'STRYCHNINE' and 'TETANUS' are considered to be what? How do they function and what 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' do they effect?
|
TOXINS BLOCK 'INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS' (IPSPs) BY ANTAGONIZING 'GLYCINE' TRANSMISSION. CAUSE CONVULSIONS/HYPERACTIVITY IN 'MUSCLES'
|
|
What is 'GRAND POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL' (GPSP) defined as?
|
THE 'SUM' TOTAL OF BOTH 'EXCITATORY' AND 'INHIBITORY' POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS THAT ARE BEING STIMULATED.
|
|
There are 6 basic types of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' groups. What are they?
|
1. ACETYLCHOLINE 2. AMINO ACIDS 3. AMINES 4. POLYPEPTIDES 5. PURINES 6. GASES
|
|
What are the 4 main 'AMINO ACID' 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS'?
|
1. GLUTAMATE 2. GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid) 3. GLYCINE 4. ASPARTATE
|
|
What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'GLUTAMATE'? What is its function? (Inhibitory/Excitatory)
|
'AMINO ACID' 'EXCITATORY'
|
|
What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'GABA' (gamma-aminobutyric acid)? What is its function? (Inhibitory/Excitatory)
|
'AMINO ACID' 'INHIBITORY'
|
|
What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'GLYCINE'? What is its function? (Inhibitory/Excitatory)
|
'AMINO ACID' 'MAINLY INHIBITORY'
|
|
What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'ASPARTATE'? What is its function? (Inhibitory/Excitatory)
|
'AMINO ACID' 'EXCITATORY'
|
|
What are the 5 main 'AMINE' 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS'? Why are they grouped into this?
|
1. NOREPINEPHRINE 2. EPINEPHRINE 3. DOPAMINE 4. SEROTONIN 5. HISTAMINE *All made from the 'SAME' 'AMINO ACID'
|
|
What 3 'AMINE' 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS' are made from the same single 'AMINO ACID'? Which 'AMINO ACID' causes this?
|
1. NOREPINEPHRINE 2. EPINEPHRINE 3. DOPAMINE AMINO ACID = 'TYROSINE'
|
|
What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'NOREPINEPHRINE'?
|
'AMINE'
|
|
What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'EPINEPHRINE'?
|
'AMINE'
|
|
What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'DOPAMINE'?
|
'AMINE'
|
|
What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'SEROTONIN'?
|
'AMINE'
|
|
What type of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'HISTAMINE'?
|
'AMINE'
|
|
What 2 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS' are in the 'POLYPEPTIDE' group? What is their function?
|
1. SUBSTANCE P 2. ENDORPHINS/ENKEPHALINS FUNCTION: TRANSMISSION/INHIBITION OF PAIN
|
|
What are the 2 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS' in the 'PURINE' group?
|
1. ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE (AMP) 2. ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)
|
|
Which 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is in the 'GAS' group? What is it's 'HALF-LIFE'?
|
'NITRIC OXIDE' HALF-LIFE = 2-30 SECONDS
|
|
TRUE OR FALSE EVERY TIME YOU STEP 'NEURONS' ARE BEING INHIBITED/STIMULATED?
|
TRUE 'NEURONS' ARE BEING 'INHIBITED/STIMULATED' ON OPPOSITE ENDS EACH TIME YOU STEP.
|
|
The 'MOTOR' area is located on what part of the 'BRAIN'?
|
FRONT
|
|
The 'SENSORY' area is located on what part of the 'BRAIN'?
|
BACK
|
|
What is the 'LARGEST' and 'MOST PROMINENT' part of the brain? How much 'MASS' does it make up of the brain?
|
'CEREBRUM' '80% OF THE TOTAL BRAIN MASS'
|
|
'GROOVES' or 'VALLEYS' located on the surface of the 'BRAIN' are also called what two things?
|
'FISSURES' or 'SULCI'
|
|
The 'BRAIN' is separated into 3 'FISSURES/SULCI'. What are they? What is their purpose?
|
1. LONGITUDINAL FISSURE 2. CENTRAL FISSURE 3. LATERAL FISSURE PURPOSE = HELP DIVIDE 'BRAIN' INTO LOBES
|
|
'CONVOLUTIONS' or 'FOLDS' on the surface of the 'BRAIN' are also called what? What is the plural form of this called?
|
GYRUS = SINGULAR GYRI = PLURAL
|
|
What are the 2 'CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES' connected to each other by? What is this made up of? Why is this important?
|
'CORPUS CALLOSUM' MADE UP OF '300 MILLION' NEURAL AXONS. ALLOWS COMMUNICATION/COOPERATION WITH RIGHT AND LEFT HEMISPHERES.
|
|
The 'RIGHT HEMISPHERE' is known to be connected with what type of characteristics? (*There are 2 of them)
|
1. CREATIVE PERCEPTION 2. ARTISTIC PERCEPTION
|
|
The 'LEFT HEMISPHERE' is known to be connected with what type of characteristics? (*There are 3 of them)
|
1. LOGIC 2. ANALYTICAL ABILITY 3. LANGUAGE
|
|
What are the names of the 4 'LOBES' of the 'CEREBRUM'?
|
1. FRONTAL LOBE 2. PARIETAL LOBE 3. TEMPORAL LOBE 4. OCCIPITAL LOBE
|
|
What are the 3 functions of the 'FRONTAL LOBE'? What part of the 'BRAIN' is it located on?
|
1. MOTOR AREA 2. ELABORATE THOUGHT 3. SPEAKING ABILITY LOCATED ON 'CEREBRUM'
|
|
What are the 3 functions of the 'PARIETAL LOBE'? What part of the 'BRAIN' is it located on?
|
1. SENSORY AREA 2. BODY FEELINGS/TOUCH/PRESSURE/HEAT/COLD/PAIN 3. BODY POSITIONS LOCATED ON 'CEREBRUM'
|
|
Which 'LOBE' of the 'CEREBRUM' is connected with 'SOMESTHETIC' and 'PROPRIOCEPTION' sensations?
|
'PARIETAL LOBE' SOMESTHETIC = SENSES IN SKIN/BODY PROPRIOCEPTION = POSITION PERCEPTION
|
|
What is the sole function of the 'TEMPORAL LOBE'? What part of the 'BRAIN' is it located on?
|
HEARING LOCATED ON 'CEREBRUM'
|
|
What is the sole function of the 'OCCIPITAL LOBE'? What part of the 'BRAIN' is it located on?
|
VISUAL INPUT LOCATED ON 'CEREBRUM'
|
|
What is the 'CEREBRAL CORTEX'? Where is it located?
|
GRAY MATTER (6 LAYERS OF NEURONS) LOCATED ON THE 'OUTER PORTION' OF THE 'CEREBRUM' (3/16")
|
|
What are the 6 'various' 'FUNCTIONS' of the 'CEREBRUM'?
|
1. ALL 'CONSCIOUS' FUNCTIONS 2. INTERPRETATIONS OF SENSATIONS 3. UNDERSTANDING OF LANGUAGE 4. INTELLIGENCE 5. MEMORY 6. EMOTIONAL FEELINGS
|
|
The 'THALAMUS' is located 'right' next to what other part of the 'BRAIN'?
|
HYPOTHALAMUS
|
|
The 'THALAMUS' has 4 main functions. What are they?
|
1. CRUDE SENSATION OF PAIN, TEMPERATURE, TOUCH 2. PLEASANT/UNPLEASANT FEELINGS 3. COMPLEX REFLEX MOVEMENT PRODUCTION 4. IS A 'RELAY CENTER' (RECEIVES 'ALL' SENSORY INPUT EXCEPT FOR 'SMELL'.
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is considered to be the 'RELAY CENTER'?
|
'THALAMUS' *RELAY CENTER = RECEIVES 'ALL' SENSORY INPUT (EXCEPT FOR SMELL) AND RELAYS TO 'SENSORY CORTEX'
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with the 'RECOGNITION OF CRUDE SENSATIONS OF PAIN, TEMPERATURE AND TOUCH'?
|
THALAMUS
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with 'PLEASANT/UNPLEASANT FEELINGS'?
|
THALAMUS
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with 'COMPLEX REFLEX MOVEMENT PRODUCTION'?
|
THALAMUS
|
|
What are the 4 functions of the 'HYPOTHALAMUS'?
|
1. CONTROLS THE 'PITUITARY' 2. WATER BALANCE 3. APPETITE AND FOOD INTAKE 4. BODY TEMPERATURE 5. INDIRECT/DIRECT INPUTS TO 'AUTONOMIC' NERVOUS SYSTEM
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' does 'NOT' have a well developed 'BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER'?
|
HYPOTHALAMUS
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with 'CONTROLLING THE PITUITARY'?
|
HYPOTHALAMUS
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with 'WATER BALANCE'?
|
HYPOTHALAMUS VIA 'ADH' (ANTI DIURETIC HORMONE)
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with 'APPETITE/FOOD INTAKE'?
|
HYPOTHALAMUS
|
|
What 'RECEPTORS' measure sugar levels? In which part of the 'BRAIN' are they located?
|
RECEPTORS = GLUCOSTATS (RECEPTORS FOR GLUCOSE) LOCATED IN 'HYPOTHALAMUS' *APPETITE/FOOD INTAKE
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with 'BODY TEMPERATURE'?
|
'HYPOTHALAMUS'
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' has 'DIRECT/INDIRECT INPUTS TO THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM'?
|
'HYPOTHALAMUS'
|
|
The 'CEREBELLUM' (*NOT CEREBRUM!) has 3 main functions. What are they?
|
1. CONTROL MUSCLE ACTION 2. POSTURAL REFLEXES 3. EQUILIBRIUM
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'CONTROLLING MUSCLE ACTION'?
|
'CEREBELLUM' PLANS AND EXECUTES VOLUNTARY MUSCLE MOVEMENTS
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'POSTURAL REFLEXES'?
|
'CEREBELLUM'
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'EQUILIBRIUM'?
|
'CEREBELLUM'
|
|
What are the 6 basic functions of the 'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'?
|
1. CONTROLS HEART RATE 2. CONTROLS BLOOD PRESSURE 3. CONTROLS RESPIRATIONS 4. REFLEXES OF 'VOMITING' 5. COUGHING 6. HICCUPING
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'CONTROLLING HEART RATE'?
|
'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL'?
|
'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'RESPIRATION CONTROL'?
|
'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'REFLEXES IN VOMITING'?
|
'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'COUGHING'?
|
'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'HICCUPING'?
|
'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
|
|
What is the 'FUNCTION' of the 'PONS'?
|
CENTER FOR 'CRANIAL NERVES' 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th 'CRANIAL NERVES'
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is the 'CENTER FOR THE 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th CRANIAL NERVES'?
|
'PONS'
|
|
What two parts of the 'BRAIN' are responsible/center for half of the 'CRANIAL NERVES'? (*6 of the 12 CRANIAL NERVES)
|
1. PONS 2. MIDBRAIN
|
|
What is the 'FUNCTION' of the 'MIDBRAIN'?
|
CENTER FOR 'CRANIAL NERVES' 3rd and 4th
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is the 'CENTER FOR THE 3rd and 4th CRANIAL NERVES'?
|
'MIDBRAIN'
|
|
The 'BRAIN STEM' can be separated into what 3 parts?
|
1. MEDULLA 2. PONS 3. MIDBRAIN
|
|
What is the 'RETICULAR FORMATION'?
|
WIDESPREAD NETWORK OF 'INTERCONNECTED' NEURONS THESE 'NEURONS' RUN THROUGH THE 'ENTIRE BRAIN STEM' AND INTO THE 'THALAMUS'
|
|
The 'RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER' has 3 main functions. What are they?
|
1. OVERALL DEGREE OF ALERTNESS 2. WAKEFULNESS 3. SLEEP
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN STEM' is responsible for the 'OVERALL DEGREE OF ALERTNESS'?
|
'RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER'
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN STEM' is responsible for 'WAKEFULNESS'?
|
'RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER'
|
|
Which part of the 'BRAIN STEM' is responsible for 'SLEEP'?
|
'RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER'
|
|
'GENERAL ANESTHETICS' suppress 'NEURONS' in what part of the 'BRAIN'? What is this area called?
|
'BRAIN STEM' 'RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER'
|
|
TRUE OR FALSE 'DAMAGE' OF NEURONS IN THE 'RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER' MAY LEAD TO A COMA.
|
TRUE DAMAGE TO NEURONS IN THE 'RAC' (RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER) MAY LEAD TO A COMA
|
|
All of the 'CRANIAL NERVES' supply the 'HEAD' and 'NECK' except for one. What is the name of that 'CRANIAL NERVE'? What does it supply?
|
'VAGUS NERVE' SUPPLIES ORGANS IN THE 'THORACIC/ABDOMINAL CAVITIES'
|
|
Which 'NERVE' is considered to be the 'MAJOR NERVE' of the 'PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM'? What percentage of 'PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES' does this nerve supply?
|
'VAGUS NERVE' SUPPLIES 80% OF ALL PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES
|
|
How many pairs of 'SPINAL NERVES' are there?
|
31 PAIRS OF 'SPINAL NERVES'
|
|
'SPINAL NERVES' can be separated into 5 groups of nerves. What are the 5 groups? (*In order from TOP to BOTTOM of the SPINAL CORD)
|
1. CERVICAL (NECK) 2. THORACIC (CHEST) 3. LUMBAR (ABDOMINAL) 4. SACRAL (PELVIC) 5. COCCYGEAL (TAILBONE)
|
|
How many 'CERVICAL SPINAL NERVES' are there? What does it supply?
|
8 CERVICAL NERVES 'NECK'
|
|
How many 'THORACIC SPINAL NERVES' are there? What does it supply?
|
12 THORACIC NERVES 'CHEST'
|
|
How many 'LUMBAR SPINAL NERVES' are there? What does it supply?
|
5 LUMBAR NERVES 'ABDOMINAL'
|
|
How many 'SACRAL SPINAL NERVES' are there? What does it supply?
|
5 SACRAL NERVES PELVIS
|
|
How many 'COCCYGEAL SPINAL NERVES' are there? What does it supply?
|
ONLY '1' COCCYGEAL NERVE TAILBONE
|
|
Towards the 'lower' vertebral canal. There is a 'THICK BUNDLE OF ELONGATED NERVE ROOTS'. What is this called?
|
'CAUDA EQUINA' aka - 'HORSE'S TAIL' (*Called this because of its appearance)
|
|
There are up to ________ 'SYNAPSES' in a 'GANGLION' in a 'SPINAL NERVE'.
|
3,000 SYNAPSES PER 'SPINAL NERVE' GANGLION
|
|
What are the numbers and names of all of the 'CRANIAL NERVES'? (*THERE ARE 12 OF THEM)
|
1. OLFACTORY 2. OPTIC 3. OCULOMOTOR 4. TROCHLEAR 5. TRIGEMINAL 6. ABDUCENS 7. FACIAL 8. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR 9. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL 10. VAGUS 11. ACCESSORY 12. HYPOGLOSSAL (*MNEMONIC - (OL)ympic (OP)ium (OC)cupies (TRO)ubled (TRI)athletes (A)fter (F)inishing (VE)rmont (G)ambling (VA)cations (S)till (H)igh)
|
|
Which 'CRANIAL NERVES' are 'SENSORY, MOTOR or BOTH'?
|
1. OLFACTORY - SENSORY 2. OPTIC - SENSORY 3. OCULOMOTOR - MOTOR 4. TROCHLEAR - MOTOR 5. TRIGEMINAL - BOTH 6. ABDUCENS - MOTOR 7. FACIAL - BOTH 8. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR - SENSORY 9. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL - BOTH 10. VAGUS - BOTH 11. ACCESSORY - MOTOR 12. HYPOGLOSSAL - MOTOR (*MNEMONIC - (S)mall (S)hips (M)ake (M)oney, (B)ut (M)y (B)rother (S)ays (B)ig (B)oats (M)ake (M)ore) M=MOTOR | B=BOTH | S=SENSORY
|
|
What is the function of the 'OLFACTORY' nerve?
|
SMELL - MUCOSA IN NOSE (SENSORY)
|
|
What is the function of the 'OPTIC' nerve?
|
SIGHT (SENSORY)
|
|
What is the function of the 'OCULOMOTOR' nerve?
|
MOVEMENT OF EYEBALL (FOCUSING/CHANGE IN PUPIL SIZE) (MOTOR)
|
|
What is the function of the 'TROCHLEAR' nerve?
|
MOVEMENT OF EYEBALL (MOTOR)
|
|
What are the 2 functions of the 'TRIGEMINAL' nerve?
|
1. SENSATIONS FROM FACE,TEETH AND TONGUE (SENSORY) 2. MOVEMENT OF JAW, CHEWING MUSCLES (MOTOR) (BOTH)
|
|
What is the function of the 'ABDUCENS' nerve?
|
'MOVEMENT OF EYEBALL' (MOTOR)
|
|
What are the 2 functions of the 'FACIAL' nerve?
|
1. TASTE BUDS AT THE FRONT OF THE TONGUE (SENSORY) 2. MOVEMENT OF FACIAL MUSCLES, SECRETION OF SALIVA/TEARS (MOTOR) (BOTH)
|
|
What is the function of the 'VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR' nerve?
|
HEARING, BALANCE AND POSTURE (SENSORY)
|
|
What are the 2 functions of the 'GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL' nerve?
|
1. TASTE BUDS AT THE BACK OF THE TONGUE (SENSORY) 2. SWALLOWING AND SECRETION OF SALIVA (MOTOR) (BOTH)
|
|
What are the 2 functions of the 'VAGUS' nerve?
|
1. VISCERAL SENSATIONS (SENSORY) 2. VISCERAL MUSCLE MOVEMENT (MOTOR) (BOTH)
|
|
What is the function of the 'ACCESSORY' nerve?
|
SWALLOWING, HEAD AND NECK MOVEMENTS (MOTOR)
|
|
What is the function of the 'HYPOGLOSSAL' nerve?
|
SPEECH AND SWALLOWING (MOTOR)
|
|
What 3 'CRANIAL NERVES' are involved with 'EYE MOVEMENT'?
|
(NERVES 3,4,6) III. OCULOMOTOR IV. TROCHLEAR VI. ABDUCENS (*MNEMONIC - 3,4 AND 6 MAKE MY EYES DO 'TRICKS')
|
|
What letter is formed at the 'CENTER' of the 'SPINAL CORD'? What forms this?
|
THE LETTER 'H' 'GRAY MATTER' FORMS THIS
|
|
What is located in the 'CENTRAL CANAL' in the 'SPINAL CORD'?
|
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)
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|
What is located in the 'GRAY MATTER' in the 'SPINAL CORD'?
|
NEURON CELL BODIES
|
|
In a 'SPINAL CORD' cross section, what is located next to the 'GRAY MATTER'?
|
WHITE MATTER
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|
What is 'WHITE MATTER' composed of in a 'SPINAL CORD'?
|
MYELINATED AXONS
|
|
There are columns or 'FUNICULI' located in the 'SPINAL CORD' in a cross section. What are they?
|
1. POSTERIOR (TOP) 2. LATERAL (SIDES) 3. ANTERIOR (BOTTOM)
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|
What divides the 'SPINAL CORD' cross section into the 3 sections/funiculi?
|
THE 'GRAY MATTER' THAT FORMS THE LETTER 'H'
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|
Where are 'NERVE TRACTS' located in the 'SPINAL CORD'?
|
IN THE 3 'FUNICULI'
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|
'NERVE TRACTS' can go one of two ways. What are the 2 options? What do each of them mean?
|
1. ASCENDING - BOTTOM OF SPINAL CORD TO BRAIN 2. DESCENDING - FROM BRAIN TO SPINAL CORD
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|
In every 'NERVE TRACT' name, there are 3 things that are defined. What are they?
|
1. FUNICULUS IN WHICH TRACT IS LOCATED 2. LOCATION OF CELL (ORIGIN) 3. LEVEL OF 'DESTINATION'
|
|
What are the 2 main 'ASCENDING' nerve tracts?
|
1. LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC 2. ANTERIOR SPINOTHALAMIC (*HINT - SPINE to THALAMUS = ASCENDING TRACT)
|
|
What are the 2 main 'DESCENDING' nerve tracts?
|
1. LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL 2. ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL (*HINT - CEREBRUM to SPINE = DESCENDING TRACT)
|
|
What 'NERVE TRACT' conducts the following: 'SENSORY IMPULSES' for 'CRUDE TOUCH' and 'PRESSURE'? Is it 'ASCENDING/DESCENDING'?
|
ANTERIOR SPINOTHALAMIC (ASCENDING TRACT)
|
|
What 'NERVE TRACT' does the following: 'CONDUCTS PAIN' and 'TEMPERATURE IMPULSES'? Is it 'ASCENDING/DESCENDING'?
|
LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC (ASCENDING TRACT)
|
|
What 'NERVE TRACT' does the following: 'Conducts motor impulses from the cerebrum to the spinal nerves and [OUTWARD] through 'ANTERIOR HORNS' for coordinated movements. Is it 'ASCENDING/DESCENDING'?
|
ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL (DESCENDING TRACT)
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|
What 'NERVE TRACT' does the following: 'Conducts motor impulses from the cerebrum to the spinal nerves through 'ANTERIOR HORNS' for coordinated movements. Is it 'ASCENDING/DESCENDING'?
|
LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL (DESCENDING)
|
|
What is the 'SIMPLEST TYPE OF 'SENSORY-TO-MOTOR' NERVE PATHWAY'?
|
'REFLEX ARC'
|
|
What is the 'REFLEX ARC'
|
THE SIMPLEST 'SENSORY-TO-NERVE' PATHWAY
|
|
How does the 'REFLEX ARC' work? (*THERE ARE 3 STEPS)
|
1. RECEPTOR DETECTS STIMULUS 2. 'SENSORY NEURON' SENDS NERVE IMPULSE TO 'CNS' 3. 'MOTOR NEURON' CONDUCTS IMPULSE TO 'EFFECTOR ORGAN'
|
|
What is a 'RECEPTOR' defined as?
|
PORTION OF 'DENDRITE' OR SPECIALIZED RECEPTOR CELL IN A 'SENSORY ORGAN'
|
|
What is the 'FUNCTION' of a 'RECEPTOR'?
|
SENSITIVE TO SPECIFIC TYPES OF 'STIMULUS'
|
|
What is a 'SENSORY (AFFERENT) NEURON' defined as? (*3 PARTS)
|
1. DENDRITE 2. CELL BODY 3. AXON
|
|
What is the function of a 'SENSORY (AFFERENT) NEURON'?
|
TRANSMITS IMPULSE FROM RECEPTOR TO THE (CNS) (*HINT - (A)FFERENT NEURONS (A)RRIVE TO 'BRAIN' (CNS))
|
|
What is an 'INTERNEURON' defined as? (*3 PARTS/STAGES)
|
1. DENDRITE 2. CELL BODY 3. AXON OF NEURON (IN BRAIN OR SPINAL CORD)
|
|
What are the functions of an 'INTERNEURON'? (*There are 2 of them)
|
1. SERVE AS 'PROCESSING CENTER' 2. CONDUCT IMPULSE FROM 'SENSORY NEURON' TO 'MOTOR NEURON'
|
|
What is a 'MOTOR (EFFECTOR) NEURON' defined as? (*3 PARTS)
|
1. DENDRITE 2. CELL BODY 3. AXON
|
|
What is the function of a 'MOTOR (EFFECTOR) NEURON'?
|
TRANSMITS IMPULSE FROM CNS OUT TO AN 'EFFECTOR ORGAN' (*HINT - (E)FFERENT NEURONS (E)XIT THE 'BRAIN' AND MOVE TO (E)FFECTOR ORGANS))
|
|
What is a 'EFFECTOR' defined as?
|
MUSCLE/GLAND OUTSIDE THE 'NERVOUS SYSTEM'
|
|
What are the functions of 'EFFECTORS'? (*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM)
|
1. RESPOND TO STIMULATION BY 'MOTOR NEURON' 2. PRODUCE A 'REFLEX' OR 'PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE'
|
|
Most 'BLOOD CAPILLARIES' in the body contain what? What is the exception to this?
|
'PORE PASSAGES' FOR 'LIPID SOLUBLE SUBSTANCES' 'BRAIN CAPILLARIES = EXCEPTION'
|
|
What do 'BRAIN CAPILLARIES' contain that other capillaries in the body do not? Why is this important?
|
'TIGHT JUNCTIONS' CONTROL WHAT SUBSTANCES MAY OR MAY NOT ENTER THE 'BRAIN BLOOD CAPILLARIES'
|
|
What is an 'ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM' (EEG)?
|
GRAPHIC RECORD OF NEURON ACTIVITY IN THE 'BRAIN'
|
|
What are the 4 kinds of 'ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAMS' (EEGs)?
|
1. ALPHA WAVES 2. BETA WAVES 3. THETA WAVES 4. DELTA WAVES
|
|
Which 'BRAIN WAVES' are approximately '8-12 waves/sec'?
|
ALPHA WAVES
|
|
Which 'BRAIN WAVES' are approximately '13-25 waves/sec'?
|
BETA WAVES
|
|
Which 'BRAIN WAVES' are approximately '5-8 waves/sec'?
|
THETA WAVES
|
|
Which 'BRAIN WAVES' are approximately '1-5 waves/sec'?
|
DELTA WAVES
|
|
Where are 'ALPHA WAVES' recorded from? (*2 LOBES)
|
1. PARIETAL LOBE 2. OCCIPITAL LOBE
|
|
What 3 things will 'INCREASE' the incidence of 'ALPHA WAVES'?
|
1. INCREASED BLOOD SUGAR 2. INCREASED CORTICOIDS 3. ELEVATED BODY TEMPERATURE
|
|
Which 'BRAIN WAVES' are recorded when a person is 'AWAKE' and 'RELAXED WITH EYES CLOSED'?
|
ALPHA WAVES
|
|
Where are 'BETA WAVES' recorded from? Which lobes?
|
FRONTAL LOBES
|
|
Which waves are the 'MOST RAPID' of all 'BRAIN WAVES'?
|
BETA WAVES
|
|
Which waves are produced when a person is 'VISUALLY ORIENTATING' and/or 'THINKING'?
|
BETA WAVES
|
|
Where are 'THETA WAVES' recorded from? (*3 lobes)
|
1. TEMPORAL LOBES 2. OCCIPITAL LOBES
|
|
Where are 'THETA WAVES' seen more commonly?
|
NEWBORN INFANTS
|
|
These type of 'BRAIN WAVES' can be observed in 'ADULTS UNDER SEVERE EMOTIONAL STRESS'.
|
THETA WAVES
|
|
Where are 'DELTA WAVES' generally recorded from?
|
NEAR THE 'CEREBRUM'
|
|
These type of 'BRAIN WAVES' can be observed in 'INFANTS' and 'SLEEPING ADULTS'.
|
DELTA WAVES
|
|
The presence of these 'BRAIN WAVES' in an 'ADULT' who is 'AWAKE' may indicate 'ABNORMAL BRAIN FUNCTION'.
|
DELTA WAVES
|
|
There are 7 problems that an 'ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM' can diagnose neurologically. What are they?
|
1. TRAUMA 2. MENTAL DEPRESSION 3. HEMATOMAS 4. VARIOUS DISEASES 5. TUMORS 6. EPILEPSY 7. INFECTION
|
|
What is 'BRAIN DEATH' defined as?
|
THE 'CESSATION' OF BRAIN WAVES.
|
|
What are the 5 criteria for determining 'BRAIN DEATH'?
|
1. UNRESPONSIVENESS (COMA) 2. ABSENCE OF UNASSISTED RESPIRATION FOR 3 MINUTES 3. ABSENCE OF CNS REFLEXES 4. FIXED DILATED PUPILS 5. FLAG 'EEG' FOR AT LEAST 10 MINUTES
|
|
What are the characteristics of 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID'? (*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM)
|
1. SLIGHTLY 'ALKALINE' (BASIC) 2. MORE SODIUM, CHLORINE AND MAGNESIUM IONS 3. LESS BLOOD PLASMA, CALCIUM, POTASSIUM AND GLUCOSE 4. ALSO CONTAINS 'SOME' PROTEINS, UREA AND LEUKOCYTES
|
|
What molecules does 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' contain 'MORE' of?
|
'MORE': SODIUM IONS(Na+) CHLORIDE IONS (Cl-) MAGNESIUM IONS (Mg2+)
|
|
What molecules does 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' contain 'LESS' of?
|
'LESS': CALCIUM IONS (Ca2+) POTASSIUM IONS (K+) GLUCOSE
|
|
TRUE OR FALSE 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' IS ONLY PRODUCED SPORADICALLY.
|
FALSE 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF) IS PRODUCED 'CONTINUOUSLY'
|
|
What is 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' formed from?
|
PLASMA
|
|
How is 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' continuously produced?
|
THROUGH 'ACTIVE TRANSPORT' AND 'ULTRAFILTRATION' FROM MATERIALS ALREADY IN BLOOD VIA SPECIALIZED CAPILLARIES
|
|
What are 'CHOROID PLEXUSES'? What is their function? Where are they located?
|
CHOROID PLEXUSES = SPECIALIZED BLOOD CAPILLARIES INVOLVED IN THE 'PRODUCTION' OF 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF) LOCATED ON THE 'ROOFS' OF THE 'VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN'
|
|
What is the 'NORMAL' fluid pressure of 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF)?
|
10mm Hg
|
|
Additional 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' is produced by what kind of cells? Where are there cells located?
|
'EPENDYMAL CELLS' LOCATED ON 'VENTRICLES' AND 'CENTRAL CANAL' OF 'SPINAL CORD' (CROSS SECTION)
|
|
What is the 'PATHWAY OF FLOW' for the production of 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF)? (*There are 7 steps)
|
1. LATERAL VENTRICLES 2. INTERVENTRICULAR FORAMEN (of Monro) 3. THIRD VENTRICLE 4. CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT (of Sylvius) 5. FOURTH VENTRICLE 6. SUBARACHNOID SPACE 7. REABSORPTION AT THE 'ARACHNOID VILLI' [*MNEMONIC - (L)ittle (I)ndians (of Monro) (T)hink (C)owboys (of Sylvius) (F)ear (S)piders & (R)ats (at the Arachnoid Villi)]
|
|
'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF) has 3 main functions. What are they?
|
1. CUSHIONS BRAIN WITHIN 'SOLID VAULT' 2. ALLOWS FOR EXCHANGE OF 'NUTRIENTS' AND 'WASTES' WITHIN THE NERVOUS TISSUE 3. BUOYS THE BRAIN
|
|
How much does the 'BRAIN' weigh when not suspended in 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF)? How much does it weight when it is in (CSF)?
|
1500 grams = NOT IN (CSF) 50 gram = SUSPENDED IN (CSF)
|
|
What is 'HYDROCEPHALUS' defined as?
|
ABNORMAL 'ACCUMULATION' OF 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF) IN: 'VENTRICLES' AND 'SUBARACHNOID' OR 'SUBDURAL SPACE'
|
|
What are some of the 'CAUSES' of 'HYDROCEPHALUS'? (*There are 2 of them)
|
1. EXCESSIVE PRODUCTION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) 2. BLOCKED FLOW OF (CSF)
|
|
What does 'HYDROCEPHALUS' eventually cause?
|
CAUSES 'CRANIAL BONES' TO THIN AND THE 'CEREBRAL CORTEX' TO 'ATROPHY'.
|
|
What is the definition of a 'LUMBAR PUNCTURE'?
|
THE 'WITHDRAWAL' OF 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' FROM THE 'SUBARACHNOID SPACE' IN THE REGION OF THE 'LUMBAR VERTEBRAE'.
|
|
What are the 2 reasons for a 'STROKE'? Why would a 'LUMBAR PUNCTURE' by important to perform in this case?
|
1. CLOT 2. BLOOD VESSEL RUPTURING CAUSING BRAIN TO HEMORRHAGE A 'LUMBAR PUNCTURE' WILL SHOW IF 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' CONTAINS 'BLOOD' FROM A HEMORRHAGE. A 'CLOT' WILL NOT SHOW ANY. DEPENDING ON 'CLOT' OR 'HEMORRHAGE' DIFFERENT MEDICATION IS GIVEN.
|
|
TRUE OR FALSE 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' WILL SHOW IF THERE IS AN 'INFECTION' IN THE 'BRAIN/SPINAL CORD'.
|
TRUE 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' WILL SHOW 'BACTERIA'
|
|
When can 'HYDROCEPHALUS' occur?
|
FROM 'INFANCY' TO 'CHILDHOOD' *MOST CASES DEVELOP GRADUALLY OVER TIME
|
|
What is 'ACUTE HYDROCEPHALUS' defined as?
|
RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF 'HYDROCEPHALUS' FROM A SUSTAINED HEAD INJURY
|
|
When does 'IDIOPATHIC' or 'NORMAL-PRESSURE' 'HYDROCEPHALUS' (NPH) occur?
|
WHEN 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF) INCREASES, BUT 'PRESSURE' MAY OR MAY NOT INCREASE.
|
|
What are the 2 types of 'HYDROCEPHALUS'?
|
1. NON-COMMUNICATING 2. COMMUNICATING
|
|
What is the 'MECHANISM' involved in 'NON-COMMUNICATING' 'HYDROCEPHALUS'?
|
OBSTRUCTION OF 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF) FLOW BETWEEN VENTRICLES
|
|
What is the 'CAUSE' of 'NON-COMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS'? (*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM)
|
1. CONGENITAL ABNORMALITY 2. AQUEDUCT STENOSIS 3. COMPRESSION BY TUMOR
|
|
What are the 2 'MECHANISMS' involved in 'COMMUNICATING' 'HYDROCEPHALUS'?
|
1. IMPAIRED ABSORPTION OF (CSF) 2. INCREASED (CSF) SECRETION
|
|
What are the causes for the 2 'MECHANISMS' involved in 'COMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS'? (*There are 3 for 1st 'mechanism' and 1 for the 2nd 'mechanism)
|
IMPAIRED ABSORPTION OF (CSF): 1. INFECTION W/ ADHESIONS 2. HIGH VENOUS PRESSURE IN 'SAGITTAL SINUS' 3. HEAD INJURY INCREASED (CSF) SECRETION: 1. SECRETING TUMOR (CHOROID PLEXUS)
|
|
What are some of the 'SYMPTOMS' of 'ACUTE HYDROCEPHALUS'? (*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM)
|
1. HEADACHE 2. VOMITING 3. ALTERED VITAL SIGNS 4. DEEP COMA IF NOT TREATED QUICKLY
|
|
What is the 'MOST COMMON CAUSE' of 'HYDROCEPHALUS'?
|
OBSTRUCTION
|
|
What are some of the 'SYMPTOMS' of 'CONGENITAL HYDROCEPHALUS'? (*THERE ARE 6 OF THEM)
|
1. CRANIAL CIRCUMFERENCE IS ENLARGED 2. EYES TURNED DOWNWARD 3. THIN SCALP W/ PROMINENT VEINS 4. POSSIBLE BLINDNESS 5. POSSIBLE PARALYSIS 6. POSSIBLE MENTAL RETARDATION
|
|
What are the 2 ways that 'HYDROCEPHALUS' is diagnosed early?
|
1. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCAN (CT) 2. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)
|
|
What is 'NON-REM' sleep also referred to as? (*3 TERMS)
|
1. SLOW SLEEP 2. S-STATE 3. QUIET SLEEP
|
|
What is the known as the 'DEEPEST' state of 'NON-REM' sleep?
|
DELTA
|
|
TRUE OR FALSE 'NON-REM' SLEEP STAGE HAS VERY 'SMALL' WAVES.
|
FALSE 'NON-REM' SLEEP STATE HAS VERY 'LARGE WAVES' (Less than 4 cycles per second)
|
|
What are some of the 'CHARACTERISTICS' of 'NON-REM' sleep? (*THERE ARE 7 OF THEM)
|
1. LARGE WAVES 2. FEW EYE MOVEMENTS 3. OCCASIONAL CHANGES IN BODY POSITION 4. RESPIRATION IS SLOW/DEEP/REGULAR 5. DECREASED H.R., B.P., CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW, BRAIN TEMPERATURE 6. INCREASED TENDENCY FOR 'SEIZURE DISORDERS' 7. 4-5% WHO AWAKE DURING 'NON-REM' SLEEP REPORT DREAMS
|
|
What sleep stage is responsible for 'FEW EYE MOVEMENTS'?
|
NON-REM SLEEP STAGE
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'OCCASIONAL CHANGES IN BODY POSITION - EVERY 20-30 MINUTES'?
|
NON-REM SLEEP STAGE
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED TENDENCY FOR SEIZURE DISORDERS'?
|
NON-REM SLEEP STAGE
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'DECREASED H.R., B.P., CEREBRAL BLOOD BLOW AND BRAIN TEMPERATURE'?
|
NON-REM SLEEP STAGE
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for '4-5% OF INDIVIDUALS REPORTING DREAMS'?
|
NON-REM SLEEP STAGE
|
|
'REM' Sleep stage is also referred to as what 3 terms?
|
1. ACTIVE SLEEP 2. FAST SLEEP 3. D-SLEEP
|
|
What type of 'ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM' is recorded with 'REM' SLEEP? (*3 THINGS)
|
LOW VOLTAGE HIGH FREQUENCY RANDOM
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for there being 'DIFFICULTY IN AWAKENING THE INDIVIDUAL'?
|
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'PARALYZED MUSCLES (EXCEPT FOR MASTICATION MUSCLES)'?
|
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for '80-90% OF INDIVIDUALS REPORTING DREAMS UPON BEING AWOKEN'?
|
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'BEING SUPPRESSED BY A NUMBER OF DRUGS, ALCOHOL AND BARBITUATES'?
|
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE'?
|
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED MYOCARDIAL INFARCTIONS, ANGINA, ELEVATED S-T SEGMENT' (aka - Heart Attacks)?
|
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED NUMBER OF 'PVD's AND OTHER HEART ARRHYTHMIAS'?
|
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED RELEASE OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS'?
|
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED GASTRIC ACID SECRETION IN PATIENTS WITH PEPTIC ULCERS'?
|
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW'?
|
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED BRAIN TEMPERATURE'?
|
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED NUMBER OF ERECTIONS'? (*THIS IS USED IN TESTING IMPOTENCE)
|
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
|
|
What does the 'AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM' do as far a 'innervation'?
|
INNERVATES 'ORGANS' WHOSE FUNCTIONS ARE 'NOT' USUALLY UNDER: 'VOLUNTARY CONTROL'
|
|
What 3 'EFFECTOR TYPES' respond to 'autonomic regulation'?
|
1. CARDIAC MUSCLE 2. SMOOTH MUSCLE 3. VISCERAL ORGANS/GLANDS (aka - INTERNAL ORGANS/GLANDS)
|
|
The 'AUTONOMIC SYSTEM' is also sometimes called what?
|
'VISCERAL MOTOR SYSTEM' BECAUSE IT PROVIDES MOTOR CONTROL OF THE VISCERA
|
|
What are the 2 divisions of the 'AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM'?
|
1. SYMPATHETIC DIVISION 2. PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION
|
|
'IMPULSES' from the 2 'AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM' divisions do what to 'activator organs'? (*2 THINGS) What is this another example of?
|
1. ACTIVATE 'EFFECTOR ORGANS' 2. INHIBIT 'EFFECTOR ORGANS' 'HOMEOSTASIS'
|
|
The 'SYMPATHETIC DIVISION' is also known as what kind of 'response'? Why?
|
'FIGHT OR FLIGHT' RESPONSE PREPARES THE BODY FOR 'INTENSE' PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN 'EMERGENCIES' THROUGH 'ADRENERGIC' EFFECTS.
|
|
Through what type of 'stimulation' does the 'SYMPATHETIC DIVISION' operate on?
|
'ADRENERGIC' 'FIGHT OR FLIGHT'
|
|
During 'SYMPATHETIC RESPONSE'. There are 6 main things that happen, what are they?
|
1. HEART RATE INCREASES 2. BLOOD GLUCOSE RISES 3. BLOOD DIVERTED TO 'SKELETAL MUSCLES' (AWAY FROM VISCERAL) 4. PUPILS DILATE 5. BRONCHIOLES DILATE 6. ADRENAL MEDULLA RELEASES EPINEPHRINE/NOREPINEPHRINE INTO BLOOD
|
|
The 'ACTIVITY' of the 'EFFECTOR ORGANS' is regulated by the degree of input from what?
|
BOTH THE 'AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM' DIVISIONS: - SYMPATHETIC - PARASYMPATHETIC
|
|
The 'PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION' response is also known as what?
|
'REST AND DIGEST'
|
|
How can an 'EFFECTOR ORGAN' be stimulated to do opposite responses?
|
POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS OF THE TWO DIVISIONS RELEASE 'DIFFERENT' NEUROTRANSMITTERS. SYMPATHETIC = NOREPINEPHRINE PARASYMPATHETIC = ACETYLCHOLINE
|
|
What 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is used for 'SYMPATHETIC' responses?
|
NOREPINEPHRINE
|
|
What 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is used for 'PARASYMPATHETIC' responses?
|
ACETYLCHOLINE
|
|
In the 'SYMPATHETIC DIVISION' is the 'PREGANGLIONIC FIBER' long/short compared to the other division?
|
'SYMPATHETIC DIVISION' 'SHORT' PREGANGLIONIC FIBER 'LONG' POSTGANGLIONIC FIBER [*HINT = (S)YMPATHETIC = (S)HORT. (PRE) ALWAYS COMES BEFORE (POST).]
|
|
In the 'PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION' is the 'PREGANGLIONIC FIBER' long/short compared to the other division?
|
'PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION' 'LONG' PREGANGLIONIC FIBER 'SHORT' PREGANGLIONIC FIBER [*HINT = (PARA)SYMPATHETIC IS A (LONGER) WORD THAN THE OTHER DIVISION. (PRE) ALWAYS COMES BEFORE (POST).]
|
|
The 'PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION' relies on what type of 'responses'?
|
CHOLINERGIC RESPONSES
|
|
TRUE OR FALSE IN 'PARASYMPATHETIC' AND 'SYMPATHETIC' RESPONSES BOTH THE 'PREGANGLIONIC' AND 'POSTGANGLIONIC' FIBERS ARE MYELINATED.
|
FALSE PREGANGLIONIC FIBERS = ALWAYS MYELINATED POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS = UNMYELINATED THIS IS FOR 'BOTH' 'AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM' DIVISIONS
|
|
What 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is always used for 'MOTOR NEURONS' and 'SKELETAL MUSCLES'?
|
ACETYLCHOLINE
|
|
The 'SOMATIC SYSTEM' is under what type of control?
|
VOLUNTARY CONTROL (*ALWAYS USES 'ACETYLCHOLINE' FOR 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS)
|
|
What type of division would be responsible for a response of 'INCREASED HEART RATE'?
|
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION (ADRENERGIC) 'FIGHT OR FLIGHT'
|
|
What type of division would be responsible for a response of 'DECREASED DIGESTION'?
|
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION (ADRENERGIC) 'FIGHT OR FLIGHT'
|
|
What type of division would be responsible for a response of 'DECREASED HEART RATE'?
|
PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION (CHOLINERGIC) 'REST AND DIGEST'
|
|
What type of division would be responsible for a response of 'INCREASED DIGESTION'?
|
PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION (CHOLINERGIC) 'REST AND DIGEST'
|
|
What are the 3 major 'DIFFERENCES' between the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' and 'SYMPATHETIC' divisions?
|
1. ANATOMICAL ORIGIN IS DIFFERENT 2. ANTAGONISTIC TO EACH OTHER 3. NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE DIFFERENT
|
|
The 'THORACIC' and 'LUMBAR' regions encompass what 'autonomic nervous system' division?
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SYMPATHETIC
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The 'CRANIAL' and 'SACRAL' regions encompass what 'autonomic nervous system' division?
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PARASYMPATHETIC
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What 'NERVE ORIGINS' are involved in 'SYMPATHETIC' responses? (6 NERVES IN 2 LOCATIONS)
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T1 to T12 (THORACIC) L1 to L3 (LUMBAR)
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80% of 'ALL' 'PARASYMPATHETIC' fibers (impulses) are connected to what 'NERVE'?
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VAGUS NERVE
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What 'NERVE ORIGINS' are involved in 'PARASYMPATHETIC' responses? (9 NERVES IN 2 LOCATIONS)
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FOUR CRANIAL NERVES (3,7,9,10) SACRAL REGION (5 NERVES TOTAL)
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What 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'ALWAYS' used in 'PARASYMPATHETIC' responses?
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ACETYLCHOLINE
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TRUE OR FALSE 'NOREPINEPHRINE' is 'ALWAYS' used to elicit a 'SYMPATHETIC' response.
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1. SWEAT GLANDS 2. SMOOTH MUSCLES IN BLOOD VESSELS THAT 'GO TO 'SKELETAL MUSCLES' 3. THE ADRENAL MEDULLA *ACETYLCHOLINE IS USED INSTEAD
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What are the 3 'EXCEPTIONS' of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' use in 'SYMPATHETIC' responses where norepinephrine is 'NOT' used. What 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is used instead?
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1. SWEAT GLANDS 2. SMOOTH MUSCLES IN BLOOD VESSELS THAT 'GO TO 'SKELETAL MUSCLES' 3. THE ADRENAL MEDULLA *ACETYLCHOLINE IS USED INSTEAD
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What are the 4 'SIMILARITIES' between the 2 'AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DIVISIONS'?
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1. PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS = MYELINATED 2. POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS = UNMYELINATED 3. EFFERENT OUTFLOW DIVIDED INTO PRE- POST-GANGLIONIC NEURONS 4. PRE-GANGLIONIC NEUROTRANSMITTER = ACETYLCHOLINE
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What is 'PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA'? What does this cause to occur?
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A TUMOR OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA 'HYPERSECRETION' (EXCESS) OF NOREPINEPHRINE/EPINEPHRINE. *THIS CAUSES BLOOD PRESSURE TO INCREASE
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What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'HEART MUSCLE'? (*2 THINGS) What receptor is involved in this?
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1. INCREASED HEART RATE 2. INCREASED FORCE (BETA-1 RECEPTOR)
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What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'BRONCHI-LUNG' (Smooth Muscles)? (*ONLY 1) What receptor is involved in this?
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INHIBITED - BRONCHI-DILATION (BETA-2 RECEPTOR) (*HINT - BETA-2 = YOU HAVE '2' LUNGS)
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What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'BLOOD VESSELS' (MOST BODY ARTERIOLES)? What receptor is involved in this?
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VASOCONSTRICTION (ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR)
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What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'BLOOD VESSELS' (SKELETAL MUSCLE ARTERIOLES) (*2 THINGS) What receptor is involved in this?
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1. VASONCONSTRICTION (ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR) 2. VASODILATION (BETA-2 RECEPTOR)
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What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on the 'PUPIL' (EYE)? What receptor is involved in this?
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INHIBITED - PUPIL DILATION (ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR)
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What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SMOOTH MUSCLES)? What receptor is involved in this?
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INHIBITED (BETA-2 RECEPTOR)
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What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SECRETION)? What receptor is involved in this?
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INHIBITED (ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR)
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What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SPHINCTERS)? What receptor is involved in this?
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CONTRACTION (ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR)
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What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'SWEAT GLANDS'?
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COPIOUS SWEATING
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What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'PILOERECTOR MUSCLES' What receptor is involved in this?
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STIMULATED (ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS)
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What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on the 'LIVER'?
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GLYCOGENOLYSIS
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What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'HEART MUSCLE'? (*2 THINGS)
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1. SLOWER RATE 2. DECREASED FORCE
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What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'BRONCHI-LUNGS' (SMOOTH MUSCLES)?
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STIMULATED -> CONSTRICTED
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What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'BLOOD VESSELS' (ATERIOLES) (BOTH SKELETAL/OTHER BODY ARTERIOLES)
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NONE NO EFFECT
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What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'PUPIL' (EYE)?
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STIMULATED -> CONSTRICTED
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What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SMOOTH MUSCLES)?
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STIMULATED -> PERISTALSIS (PERISTALSIS = MOVEMENT OF FOOD DOWN ESOPHAGUS)
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What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SECRETION)?
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STIMLUATED
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What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SPHINCTERS)?
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RELAXED
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What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'SWEAT GLANDS'?
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NONE NO EFFECT
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What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'PILOERECTOR MUSCLES'?
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NONE NO EFFECT
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What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'LIVER'?
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NONE NO EFFECT
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What are the two type of 'CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS'?
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1. NICOTINIC 2. MUSCARINIC
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What are 'NICOTINIC RECEPTORS' defined as? What group of 'RECEPTORS' are they included in?
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RECEPTORS LOCATED AT THE GANGLIA IN 'BOTH' SYMPATHETIC/PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS. INCLUDED IN THE 'CHOLINERGIC' RECEPTOR GROUP.
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What are 'MUSCARNIC RECEPTORS' defined as? What group of 'RECEPTORS' are they included in? What 'AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM' division are these receptors found in?
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RECEPTORS LOCATED ON 'ALL' EFFECTOR ORGANS THAT ARE INNERVATED BY 'POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS' OF THE PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION. INCLUDED IN THE 'CHOLINERGIC' RECEPTOR GROUP. *ONLY FOUND IN 'PARASYMPATHETIC' DIVISION
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What 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' do 'CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS' utilize?
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ACETYLCHOLINE
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What 2 'AUTONOMIC NEURONS' are 'ALWAYS' 'CHOLINERGIC'?
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1. SYMPATHETIC 'PREGANGLIONIC' NEURONS 2. PARASYMPATHETIC 'POSTGANGLIONIC' NEURONS
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What 2 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS' stimulate 'NICOTINIC RECEPTORS'?
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1. NICOTINE (from tobacco plants) 2. ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh)
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Why are 'NICOTINIC RECEPTORS' not utilized for medicinal purposes often?
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BECAUSE THEY STIMULATE 'BOTH' SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS.
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What 2 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS' stimulate 'MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS'?
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1. MUSCARINIE (from poisonous mushrooms) 2. ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh)
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What is one of the 'MAJOR' drugs used as a 'ANTI-MUSCARINIC AGENT' or 'MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST'?
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ATROPINE
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What is 'ATROPINE'?
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AN 'ANTI-MUSCARINIC AGENT'
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What are 'ANTI-MUSCARINIC AGENTS' or 'MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS' used for in medicine? (*THERE ARE 5 USES)
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1. TREAT 'PARKINSON'S DISEASE' 2. DILATE PUPILS 3. CONTROL MOTION SICKNESS 4. TREAT PEPTIC ULCERS 5. DECREASE SALIVARY/BRONCHIAL SECRETIONS
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What are 4 examples of 'MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR STIMULANTS'? In general, what do these do?
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1. ACETYLCHOLINE 2. CARBACHOL 3. METHACHOLINE 4. BETHANECHOL *INCREASED PARASYMPATHETIC RESPONSE
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What are 'MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR STIMULANTS' used for in medicine? (*THERE ARE 5 USES)
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1. STIMULATE INTESTINES 2. STIMULATE URINARY BLADDER 3. DILATE PERIPHERAL BLOOD VESSELS 4. TREAT 'MYASTHENIA GRAVIS'
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What are the 2 types of 'ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS'?
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1. ALPHA RECEPTORS 2. BETA RECEPTORS
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'ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS' are regulated by what 2 hormones/neurotransmitters?
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CATACHOLAMINES (aka - EPINEPHRINE/NOREPINEPHRINE)
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In 'ALPHA-1' 'ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS', what neurotransmitters stimulates at a 'HIGHER' degree?
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NOREPINEPHRINE = STRONGER EPINEPHRINE = WEAKER
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In 'BETA-1' 'ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS', what neurotransmitters stimulates at a 'HIGHER' degree?
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FUNCTION THE SAME NOREPINEPHRINE = EPINEPHRINE
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In 'BETA-2' 'ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS', what neurotransmitters stimulates at a 'HIGHER' degree?
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EPINEPHRINE = STRONGER NOREPINEPHRINE = WEAKER
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Where is the 'TISSUE LOCATION' for 'ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS'?
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SMOOTH MUSCLES
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What is the 'EFFECT' of 'ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS' on 'SMOOTH MUSCLES'? (*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM)
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STIMULATION 1. VASOCONSTRICTION 2. UTERINE CONTRACTION 3. DILATION OF PUPIL 4. INTESTINAL SPHINCTER CONTRACTION 5. PILOMOTOR CONTRACTION
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What is the 'EFFECT' of 'BETA-1 RECEPTORS' on 'CARDIAC MUSCLE'? (*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM)
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STIMLUATION: 1. INCREASE HEART RATE 2. INCREASED FORCE OF CONTRACTION
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Where is the 'TISSUE LOCATION' for 'BETA-1 RECEPTORS'?
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CARDIAC MUSCLE
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What is the 'EFFECT' of 'BETA-2 RECEPTORS' on 'SMOOTH MUSCLES'? (*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM)
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INHIBITION: 1. VASODILATION 2. UTERING RELAXATION 3. INTESTINAL RELAXATION 4. BRONCHODILATION (*SIMILAR TO PARASYMPATHETIC RESPONSE)
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What is 'ISOPROTERENOL'? What does it do?
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SYNTHETIC 'CATECHOLAMINE' STIMULATES MAINLY 'BETA-2' RECEPTORS STRONGER THAN 'ALPHA-1' RECEPTORS. (*WORKS JUST LIKE 'EPINEPHRINE')
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'ALL' 'ADRENERGIC' receptors act via what 'PROTEINS'?
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G-PROTEINS
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What do 'G-PROTEINS' affect?
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ALL 'ADRENERGIC' RECEPTORS
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What is the function of 'ALPHA RECEPTOR STIMULATORS'? What medicinal function are they used in?
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VASOCONSTRICTION USED IN 'DECONGESTANTS'
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What is the function of 'ALPHA RECEPTOR 'BLOCKERS'?
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USED TO 'LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE'
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What are the functions of 'BETA RECEPTOR 'STIMULATORS'? (*THERE ARE 2)
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1. STIMULATE THE HEART 2. CAUSE BRONCHODILATION
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What is the function of 'BETA BLOCKERS'?
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USED TO 'SLOW' THE HEART
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What are the 5 types of 'SENSORY RECEPTORS'?
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1. MECHANORECEPTORS 2. THERMORECEPTORS 3. NOCICEPTORS 4. ELECTROMAGNETIC/PHOTORECEPTORS 5. CHEMORECEPTORS
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What is the function of 'MECHANORECEPTORS'? What are some examples of these receptors? (*THERE ARE 5)
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DETECT MECHANICAL DEFORMATION OF RECEPTOR/CELLS ADJACENT TO RECEPTOR EXAMPLES: 1. TOUCH 2. DEEP PRESSURE 3. HEARING 4. EQUILIBRIUM 5. ARTERIAL PRESSURE
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What is the function of 'THERMORECEPTORS'?
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DETECT CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE (SOME DETECT COLD, OTHERS WARMTH) MAY BE STIMULATED BY CHANGES IN 'METABOLIC RATE'
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Which 'SENSORY RECEPTORS' may be stimulated by a 'CHANGE IN METABOLIC RATE'?
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THERMORECEPTORS
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What is the function of 'NOCICEPTORS'?
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'PAIN RECEPTORS' THAT DETECT DAMAGE IN TISSUES. *BOTH PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
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What is the function of 'ELECTROMAGNETIC/PHOTORECEPTORS'?
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DETECT 'LIGHT' ON THE RETINA OF THE EYE
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What are the functions of 'CHEMORECEPTORS'?
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1. DETECT TASTE IN THE MOUTH (SWEET, SALT, SOUR AND BITTER) 2. DETECT SMELL IN THE NOSE 3. DETECT OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS IN THE BLOOD
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What happen to 'SENSORY RECEPTORS' after a period of time of exposure to a stimuli?
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THEY ADAPT EITHER 'FULLY' OR 'PARTIALLY'
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What are the 2 terms applied to types of 'SENSORY RECEPTORS' that react to prolonged stimuli exposure?
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1. TONIC 2. PHASIC
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Which 'SENSORY RECEPTORS' do 'NOT' adapt at all or adapt 'SLOWLY'? What is an example of this?
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TONIC RECEPTORS EXAMPLE = 'MUSCLE STRETCH RECEPTORS'
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Which 'SENSORY RECEPTORS' adapt 'RAPIDLY' to a stimulus. In other words, they no longer respond to a maintained stimulus? What is an example of this?
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PHASIC RECEPTORS EXAMPLE = (TOUCH RECEPTORS) eg., 'WATCH, RINGS, CLOTHING'
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Which 'SENSORY RECEPTORS' is involved with a slight 'DEPOLARIZATION' when the stimulus is removed?
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PHASIC RECEPTORS
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What are 'TONIC RECEPTORS' defined as?
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DO NOT ADAPT AT ALL 'OR' ADAPT SLOWLY.
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What are 'PHASIC RECEPTORS' defined as?
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ADAPT RAPIDLY DO NOT RESPOND ANY LONGER TO THE MAINTAINED 'STIMULUS'. (TOUCH RECEPTORS)
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TRUE OR FALSE SOME PEOPLE ARE 'UNUSUALLY' SENSITIVE OR INSENSITIVE TO PAIN.
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FALSE THERE 'IS' A UNIFORMITY OF PAIN THRESHOLD IN ALL PEOPLE. (*HOWEVER, SOME PEOPLE MAY REACT DIFFERENTLY TO PAIN)
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What is 'PAIN' defined as?
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PROTECTIVE MEASURE THAT BRINGS TO THE 'CONSCIOUS' AN AWARENESS THAT: - TISSUE DAMAGE 'IS' OCCURRING - TISSUE DAMAGE IS 'ABOUT' TO OCCUR
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What are the 3 different types of 'PAIN' that are recognized?
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1. CUTANEOUS 2. DEEP PAIN 3. VISCERAL PAIN
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What is 'CUTANEOUS PAIN' defined as? (*There are 4 things)
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CUTANEOUS PAIN: 1. LOCALIZED ON THE BODY SURFACE 2. PRICKING, SHARP, BURNING (THIS USUALLY OCCURS FIRST AND SHORT DURATION) 3. CAN BE LOCALIZED OR DIFFUSE 4. REFERRED TO AS 'FAST PAIN' (30 m/s)
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What 'PAIN' detection is referred to as 'FAST PAIN'?
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CUTANEOUS
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What is 'DEEP PAIN' defined as? (*3 THINGS)
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PAIN FROM 'MUSCLES', 'TENDONS', AND 'JOINTS'.
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What is 'VISCERAL PAIN' defined as? What are the characteristics of this type of pain?
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PAIN FROM 'VISCERAL ORGANS' 1. DEEP PAIN/VISCERAL PAIN = POORLY LOCALIZED 2. DULL, ACHING, NAUSEOUS, THROBBING (OCCUR 2nd BUT PERSIST LONGER) 3. CONDUCTED BY UNMYELINATED NEURONS (SLOW) (1-12 m/s)
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When 'CELLS' are 'DAMAGED', they release 3 chemicals that 'STIMULATE' pain neurons. What are the 3 chemicals?
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1. PROSTAGLANDINS 2. BRADYKININ 3. SUBSTANCE P 4. GLUTAMATE
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What are 'PROSTAGLANDINS'?
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'DAMAGED CELL CHEMICAL THAT STIMULATES 'PAIN NEURONS' SPECIAL GROUP OF 'FATTY ACID DERIVATIVES' CLEAVED FROM LIPID BILAYERS OF PLASMA MEMBRANES
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What is the 'CHEMICAL' that is activated by enzymes that are released from damaged cells?
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BRADYKININ
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What is 'SUBSTANCE P'?
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A 'PAIN NEUROTRANSMITTER'
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What is 'GLUTAMATE'?
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A 'PAIN NEUROTRANSMITTER'
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The body has 'NATURALLY OCCURRING OPIATE-LIKE CHEMICALS' that is releases. What are the 2?
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1. ENDORPHINS 2. ENKEPHALINS
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The Central Nervous System (CNS) contains a 'NEURONAL SYSTEM' that can suppress pain. In what situations would the body naturally use this system? (*2 OF THEM) What are the chemicals the body utilizes to accomplish this?
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1. EXERCISE 2. STRESS CHEMICALS: 1. ENDORPHINS 2. ENKEPHALINS
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How do 'ENDORPHINS' and 'ENKEPHALINS' function?
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BLOCK THE RELEASE OF 'SUBSTANCE P' THUS BLOCKING THE TRANSMISSION OF THE PAIN SIGNAL. (*MORPHINE/HEROINE ACT THE SAME WAY)
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There are 2 locations where 'ENDORPHINS' and 'ENKEPHALINS' can block pain. What are the 2 locations?
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1. PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY MATTER (SURROUNDS THE CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT) 2. RETICULAR FORMATION
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What is 'CHRONIC PAIN' defined as?
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PAIN THAT OCCURS IN THE 'ABSENCE' OF TISSUE INJURY
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What is the cause of 'CHRONIC PAIN'?
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DAMAGE WITHIN 'PAIN PATHWAYS' IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVES OR (CNS) (*HYPERSENSITIVITY)
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What is 'ABNORMAL CHRONIC PAIN' also referred to as?
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NEUROPAHTIC PAIN
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What drugs diminish pain by 'INHIBITING' the production and release of 'PROSTAGLANDINS'? (*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM)
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1. ASPIRIN 2. ACETAMINOPHEN (TYLENOL) 3. IBUPROFEN (ADVIL)
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Which drugs act 'DIRECTLY' on pain centers in the 'BRAIN'? (*THERE ARE 4 EXAMPLES)
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OPIATE DRUGS 1. CODEINE 2. MORPHINE 3. HEROINE 4. ENDORPHINS/ENKEPHALINS
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What is 'REFERRED PAIN' defined as?
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PAIN THAT DOES 'NOT' REFER TO THE ORGAN THAT IT IS COMING FROM.
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What is a 'CHARACTERISTIC' of 'REFERRED PAIN'?
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NOT ALWAYS FELT OVER THE TOP OF THE ORGAN WHERE THE PAIN IS FELT.
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What are some of the 'REASONS/CAUSES' for 'REFERRED PAIN'?
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1. EMBRYONIC ORIGIN OF THE ORGAN 2. CROSS-OVER OF '1st ORDER NEURONS' W/ '2nd ORDER NEURONS' IN THE SPINAL CORD
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The 'MOST COMMON' reason for 'REFERRED PAIN' is felt in a different location is due to what?
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DUE TO A 'CROSS OVER' OF 2nd ORDER NEURONS TO 1st ORDER NEURONS.
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What is 'EPILEPSY' defined as?
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CHRONIC DISORDER FROM SUDDEN, UNCONTROLLED DISCHARGE OF ACTIVITY BY 'NEURONS' IN THE BRAIN. (AKA - SEIZURE)
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When does 'EPILEPSY' occur?
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STARTS IN CHILDHOOD 'OR' ADOLESCENCE. *MANY PEOPLE OUTGROW IT AND NO LONGER NEED MEDICATION
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'EPILEPSY' can result from 8 different causes. What are they?
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1. HYPERGLYCEMIA 2. FEBRILE DISORDERS 3. HEAD INJURY 4. DRUGS 5. BIRTH TRAUMA 6. STOKE 7. BRAIN TUMORS 8. METABOLIC DISORDERS
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What are the 3 drugs that are commonly used to treat 'EPILEPSY'?
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1. PHENYTOIN 2. PHENOBARBITAL 3. VALPORATE
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Approximately what percentage of the population over the age of 65 if affected by 'ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE'?
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11% OF THE POPULATION
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What are the 'SYMPTOMS' of 'ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE'? (*THERE ARE 7 OF THEM)
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1. TROUBLE REMEMBERING RECENT EVENTS 2. LOSS OF MEMORIES OF THE PAST 3. CONFUSION 4. FORGETFULNESS 5. HALLUCINATION 6. PARANOIA 7. VIOLENT MOOD CHANGES
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What are some of the 'NEUROLOGICAL' effects of 'ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE'? (*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM)
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1. GREAT LOSS OF NEURONS IN SPECIFIC REGIONS OF THE 'HIPPOCAMPUS' AND 'CEREBRAL CORTEX' 2. PLAQUES OF 'ABNORMAL PROTEINS' DEPOSITED OUTSIDE NEURONS 3. TANGLED PROTEIN FILAMENTS WITH NEURONS
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A DISEASE THAT PROGRESSIVELY DESTROYS THE MYELIN SHEATH IN THE CNS IS KNOWN AS: 1. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 2. TAY-SACHS DISEASE 3. CEREBRAL PALSY 4. PARAPLEGIA
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1. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS)
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A DISEASE IN WHICH THERE IS A LACK OF DOPAMINE IS: 1. BOTULISM 2. CEREBRAL PALSY 3. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS 4. PARKINSON'S DISEASE
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4. PARKINSON'S DISEASE
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THE PORTION OF THE BRAIN RESPONSIBLE FOR APPETITE IS: 1. THE THALAMUS 2. THE HYPOTHALMUS 3. THE MEDULLA 4. THE PONS
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2. THE HYPOTHALAMUS
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THE CRANIAL NERVE RESPONSIBLE FOR VISCERAL MUSCLE MOVEMENT IS: 1. V 2. III 3. IX 4. X
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4. X
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ABNORMAL ACCUMULATION OF CSF IF KNOWN AS: 1. HYDROCEPHALUS 2. SUBARACHNOIDITIS 3. CEREBRAL PALSY 4. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
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1. HYDROCEPHALUS
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THE DIVISION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM WITH AN UNMYELINATED POSTGANGLIONIC NEURON IS: 1. PARASYMPATHETIC 2. SYMPATHETIC 3. SOMATIC 4. 1 AND 2
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2. SYMPATHETIC
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STIMULATION OF BETA-1 RECEPTORS CAUSES WHICH RESULT? 1. INCREASED HEART RATE 2. DECREASED HEART RATE 3. SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXATION 4. SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION
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1. INCREASED HEART RATE
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS 'NOT' A MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR STIMULANT? 1. ACETYLCHOLINE 2. METHACHOLINE 3. ATROPINE 4. BETHANECHOL
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3. ATROPINE
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BRAIN WAVES THAT OCCUR BETWEEN ONE AND FIVE WAVE/SECOND ARE: 1. ALPHA 2. BETA 3. THETA 4. DELTA
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4. DELTA
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