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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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new tissue growth is called? |
neoplasia |
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what features differ neoplasia from hyperplasia and repair? |
neoplsia is unregulated irreversible monoclonal |
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what does monoclonal mean? |
neoplastic cells are dervied from a single mother cell |
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clonality can be determined by which enzyme? |
G6PD isoforms and also androgen receptor isoforms |
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how many isoforms are inherited from each parent? |
one |
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in females, one isofrom is randomly inactivated in each cell by ?? g6pd is present on which chromosome? |
lyonization X |
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ratio of active isoforms in cells on any tissue is / |
1:1 |
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is 1:1 ration maintained in hyperplasia , which is polyclonal? |
yes |
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clonality of B-cells is determined by ? |
Ig light chain |
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Ig is made of which 2 chains? |
light and heavy |
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B-cell expresses light chain which is either ___ and ___ |
kappa or lambda |
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kappa to lambda light chain ratio normally is ? |
3:1 |
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is this ratio maintained in hyperplasia which is polyclonal? |
yes |
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what happens to the ratio in lymphoma which is monoclonal? |
increased or inverted |
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all of the neoplastic tumors are benign or malignant but all of them are ?? |
monoclonal |
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benign tumors remain localized and do not metatstize except? |
b9 tumor metastizes to lung but goes away |
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exception of malignant tumor which doesnot metatize? |
basal cell carcinoma |
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benign tumor of epehtlieum is called? |
adenoma or papilloma |
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malignant tumor of epe? |
adenocarcnioma papillary carcinoma |
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benign tumor of mesechyme? |
lipoma |
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malignant tumor of mesenchyme? |
liposarcoma |
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beign tumor of lymphocytes? |
none |
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malignant tumor of lymphocytes? |
lymphoma/leukemia |
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benign tumor of melanocyte? |
nevus |
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malignant tumor of melanocyte? |
melanoma |
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what is the 2nd leading cause of death in both adults and kids? |
cancer |
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3 leading causes of deaths in adults are? |
CVD cancer cerebrovascular dsz |
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3 leading causes of deaths in kids are? |
acciedents cancer congenital defects |
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the most common cancers by incidence in adults are? |
breast/prostate lung colorectal |
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the most common cause of cancer mortality in adults |
lung breast/prostate colorectal |
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most common b9 tumor in females is ?a and males? |
uterine fibroid lipoma |
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how many divisions occur before the earliest clinical symptoms arise for cancer? |
30 |
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goal of screening is to catch ___ before it becomes carcinoma |
dysplasia |
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pap smear detect____ before it becomes ___ |
CIN, carcinoma |
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mammography detects___ before it becomes____ |
in situ breast cancer, palbable carcinoma |
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PSA detects___ before it spreads |
prostate carcinoma |
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hemoccult blood test and colonoscopy detect ____ before it becomes____ |
colonic adenoma colonic carcinoma |
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cancer formation is initiated by damage to ? |
DNA of stem cells |
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___ are agents that damage DNA, increasing the risk for cancer |
carciogens |
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what is the cancer related to aflatoxins? |
hepatocellular carcinoma |
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aflatoxins are dervied from? and can contaminate ____&____ |
aspergillus grains and rice |
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associated cancer with alkylating agents? |
leukemia/lymphoma |
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cancer realted to alochol? |
squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx and upper esophageus pancreatic carcinoma hepatocellular carcinoma |
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cancer related to arsenic? |
squarmous cell carcinoma of skin lung cancer angiosarcoma of liver |
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what is also found in cigarette? |
aresnic |
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cancer related to asbestos? |
lung carcinoma more common mesothelioma |
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cigarette smoke can cause which cancer? |
carcinoma of oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidhney and bladder |
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cancers related to nitrosamines? |
stomach carcinoma |
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which type of stomach cancer is common in nitrosamines? |
intestinal |
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nitrosamines are found in ____ food. in which country? |
smoked japan |
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cancers related to naplithylamine? and derived from? |
urothelial carcinoma of bladder cigarette smoke |
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cancer related to vinyl chloride? and its used to make? |
angiosarcoma of liver PVC in pipes |
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cancer related to nickel, chromium, beryllium or silica? |
lung carcinoma |
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examples of oncogenic viruses? |
EBV HHV-8 HBV and HCV HTLV-1 high risk-hpv |
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cancer related to EBV? |
nasopharyngeal carcinoma burkitt lymphoma CNS lymphoma in AIDS |
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nasopharyngeal carcinoma presents as a mass in ___? mostly in which ethniticites? |
neck chinese male and africican individual |
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cancer related to HHV-8 |
kaposi sarcoma |
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HHV is tumor of which cells? clinically presents as? in which ethniticty? and realted with which dieases? |
endothelial purplish raised region eastern european males AIDS and transplant patients |
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cancers realted with HBV and HCV? |
hepatocellular carcinoma |
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cancers realted to HTLV-1? |
adult t-cell leukemia/lymphoma |
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cancers realted to high rish HPV? |
sqamous cell carcinoma of vulva, vagina, anus and cervix adenocarcinoma of cevix |
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nucelar reactor accidents and radiotherapy are examples of which type of radiation? |
ionizing |
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cancers realted to ionizng radiation? |
AML CML papillary carcinoma of thyroid |
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ionizing radiation results in formation of ? |
hydroxyl free radicals |
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most common source of non-ionizing radiation is ? |
sunlight |
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cancers related to non-ionzing radiation? |
basal cell carcinoma squamous cell cacrinoma melanoma of skin |
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non ionizing radiation results in formation of ____ in DNA |
pyrimidine dimers |
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pyrimidine dimers are normally excised by? |
restriction endonucleases |
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what is the name of genes that codes for proteins that are important for cell growth and differentiation? |
proto-oncogense |
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mutation of proto-oncogense results in formation of ? |
oncogenes |
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5 categories of oncogense |
growth factors growth factor receptors signal transducers nuclear regulators cell cycle regulators |
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growth factors induce growth of ??? |
cell |
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what mediates signals from growth factors |
growth factor receptors |
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what relays receptor activation to nucleus? |
signal transducers |
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Ras is related with growth factor receptors in an inactive ___ bound state. it is replaed by ___ , activating RAS. it then sends growth signals to the nucleus |
GDP GTP |
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RAS inactivates itself by cleaving ___ to ___ by which protein? |
gtp to gdp GTPase activating protein |
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mutated ras=prolonged activity of state of ras=_____ growth signals |
increased |
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example of growth factor? |
PDGFB |
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function of PDGFB? |
platelet dervied growth factor |
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tumor related to PDGFB? |
astrocytoma |
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ERBB2 fucntion? |
epidermal growth factor receptor |
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tumor related to ERBB2? |
subset of breast carcinomas |
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Ab against ERBB2 is called? |
trastuzumab |
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function of RET? |
neural growth factor receptor |
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tumors related to RET? |
MEN 2A, MEN 2B sporadic medullary carcinoma of thyroid |
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patients with MEN 2 A/B, what is removed prophylactically? |
thyroid gland |
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function of KIT/ |
stem cell growth factor receptor |
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tumor related to kit? |
gastro stromal tumor |
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function of RAS gene family? |
GTP binding protein |
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tumors associated with RAS? |
carcinomas melanoma lymphoma |
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function of ABL? |
tyrosine kinase |
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associated tumors with ABL? |
CML and types of ALL |
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an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor ? to treat? |
imatinib mesylate CML |
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3 nuclear regulators? |
c-myc n-myc l-myc |
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tumors related with c-myc n-myc l-myc |
burkitt lymphoma neuroblastoma lung carcinoma |
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CCND1 tumor? |
mantle cell lymphoma |
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what is important for the cells to go from g1 to s phase? |
cyclin d1 |
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tumors related with CDK4? |
melanoma |
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mechanism of ABL? |
t9,22 with BCR |
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mechanism of CCND1 ? |
t11:14 invloving igH |
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which genes regulate cell growth and suppress the risk of tumor formatoion? |
tumor suppressor genes |
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examples of tumor sup genes? |
p53 and Rb |
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what also regulates progression of cell cycle from g1 to S phase? |
p53 |
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in response to DNA damage, ___ also slows cell cycle and upregulates DNA repair enzyme |
p53 |
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if DNA repair isnt possible, p53 induces ?? |
apoptosis |
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p53 induces apoptosis by upregulation of ?? which disrupts ? |
BAX BCl2 |
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what leaks from mitochondria activating apoptosis? |
cytochrome c |
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how many copies of p53 gene must be knocked out for tumor? this is called? |
both knudson two-hit hypothesis |
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germline mutations related to tumor suppresor genes result in which syndrome? |
li fraumeni syndrom |
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which other tumor suppresor gene regulates g1 to s phase? |
Rb |
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Rb holds which type of transcription factor, which is necessary for transition to S phase? |
E2F |
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E2F is released when Rb is phosphorylated by? |
CDK4 complex |
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mutation in RB results in free? allowing progression through cell cycle and uncontrolled growth of cells |
E2F |
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is knudson two hit hypothesis present for tumor formation? |
yes |
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sporadic mutation of Rb is characterized by? |
unilateral retinoblastoma |
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germline mutation of Rb results in ? |
bilateral retinoblastima and osteosarcoma |
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regulator of apoptsis do what in normal cells and do what in mutated cells? |
prevent apoptosis in normal cells and promote it in mutated cells |
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example of regulator of apoptosis? |
BCL2 |
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BCL2 blocks release of what? and stablizies which membrane? |
cytochrome C mitochondrial |
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disruption of ____ allows cytocrhome C to leave mitochondria and activate apoptosis |
BCL2 |
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what is overexpressed in follicular lymphoma?(t14:18) , so mitochrondrial membrane is further stabilized, prohibiting apoptosis |
BCL2 |
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telomerase is necessary for cell immortality. normally,____ shorten with serial cell divisions, resulting in cellular sensescnece )cells shut down) |
telomeres |
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cancers have upregulated ____ , which prevents telomeres |
telomerase |
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angiogenesis means?? |
production of new blood vessels |
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which 2 angiogenic factors are produced by tumor cells? |
FGF and VEGF |
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avoiding immune survelliance is important for tumor survival, so mutations often reuslt in production of abnormal proteins, which are expressed on what? |
mhc class 1 |
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what destorys and detects such mutated cells? |
cd8 t cells |
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tumor cells invade immune survelliance by downregulating expression of _____ so CD8 t cells dont work |
mhc class 1 |
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both type of immunodeficiency increases risk of ? |
cancer |
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epithelial tumor cells are attached to each other by cellular adhesion molecules such as ? |
e-cadherin |
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what leads to dissociation of attached cell? |
downregulation of e-cadherin |
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cells attach to ___ and destroy ____ via collagensase |
laminin basement membrane |
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after the destrouction of basement membrane, cells attach to ? and spread locally |
fibronectin |
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entrance into vascular or lymphatic spaces allows for ? |
metastasis |
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lymphatic spread is characteristic of ? |
carcinomas |
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hematogenous spread is characteristic of ? |
sarcomas and some carcinomas |
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renal cell carcinoma invloves which vein? |
renal vein |
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hepatocellular carcinoma involves which vein? |
hepatic vein |
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seeding of body cavitites is characteristic of ? hint"omental caking |
ovarian carcinoma |
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which type of tumor slow growing well circumscribed distinct mobile |
beign tumor |
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which tumor? rapid poorly circumscribed infiltrative fixed to surrounding tissue |
malignant |
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absoulte diagnosis of tumor is made by? |
biopsy |
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what is the hallmark of malignancy? |
metatastic potential |
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intermediate filaments keratin vimentin desmin GFAP neurofilament |
epehtelium mesechyme muscle neuroglia neurons |
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PSA ER thyroglobulin chromogranin S-100 |
prostatic epi breast epi thyroid follicular cells neuroendocrine cells melanoma |
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what is proteins released by tumor into serum called? which are useful for screening and treamtnet eg is? |
serum tumor markers PSA |
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TNM staging system for tumor? |
tumor- size n-spread to regional lymph nodes m-metastasis |
