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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
-represent 13% of the U.S. population
-account for more than 25% of prescription medications -account for 40% of acute hospital stays -account for 50% of the federal health budget -65% have nutrition-related problems -cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes -high blood pressure (hypertension) and osteoporosis |
individuals over 65 years of age
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during adulthood, nutrients are primarily used to _____the body rather than support physical growth
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maintain
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characterized by body maintenance and gradual physical and physiological transitions (aging)
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adulthood
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time-dependent physical and physiological changes in body structure and function
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aging
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after about age __, the rate of cell breakdown slowly begins to exceed the rate of cell
renewal, leading to a gradual decline in organ size and efficiency |
30
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extent to which an organ can preserve essentially normal function despite decreasing cell
____________ or cell activity |
number
(reserve capacity) |
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alcohol intake can overtax an aging __________
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liver
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the sum of automatic cellular changes, lifestyle
changes and environmental influences |
physiological changes
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-blood glucose (when chronically elevated) attaches to blood and body proteins
-encourages immune system attack -decreases the function of the protein |
glycosylation of proteins
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immune cells attack body cells and tissues as well as foreign proteins
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development of autoimmunity
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programmed cell death
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apoptosis
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-refers to changes thought to be a typical or expected part of aging
-increasing body fatness -decreasing lean body mass -rising blood pressure and declining bone mass |
usual aging
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describes physical and physiological function declines that occur only because one grows older, not
because of lifestyle choices, environmental exposures and chronic disease that have sped up the rate of aging |
successful aging
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-delay of the onset of disabilities caused by _____________ disease
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chronic
(compression of morbidity) |
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life _________ is the maximum number of years a person lives
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span
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-men ~ 75 years
-women ~ 80 years |
current life expectancies in North America
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life expectancy is the time an average person born in a specific year can expect to live
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expectancy
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determined by heredity, lifestyle and environment
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the rate at which one ages is individual
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-olive oil is the main dietary fat
-daily intact of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts and seeds -emphasis on minimally processed foods -small daily intakes of cheese and yogurt -weekly intake of low to moderate amounts of fish -limited use of eggs and red meat -regular exercise -moderate drinking of wine at mealtime |
Mediterranean Diet
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consume a variety of nutrient-dense foods/beverages within the basic food groups of MyPyramid
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2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
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decline in ___________ acid production may impair iron absorption
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stomach
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poor zinc status may contribute to loss of ______ sensations, mental lethargy and delayed wound healing
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taste
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since the 1950s adults have consumed____ saturated fat
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less
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since 1963 adults have consumed more unsaturated fats
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more
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older adults____ eat enough to meet calorie needs
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may not
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decreases with age; starts at ~ 60 years of age
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Senses of Smell and Taste
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___% or more of older people have lost some/all of their teeth
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30
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may lead to cirrhosis
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decline of liver function
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reduced release of insulin from the pancreas
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pancreas function declines
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kidneys tend to deteriorate more often in individuals that have consumed high ____ diets
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protein
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-as lean tissue diminsh, fat deposition increases (sarcopenic obesity)
-results from overeating -results from minimal physical activity -obesity increases the risk for high blood pressure and high blood sugar -obesity may also limit physical abilities in performing daily tasks -responses -avoid overeating and perform regular physical activity |
Increase in Fat Stores
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herbal remedies are not evaluated by the FDA for effectiveness or safety
|
not
|
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-fall under the regulation of the 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act
-some herbal remedies can pose health risks in certain people -herbal remedies may be expensive and are not covered by health insurance plans |
herbal remedies
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-progressive brain disorder marked by inability to remember, reason or comprehend
-age is the primary risk factor |
Alzheimer’s Disease
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-alterations in cell development or protein production in the brain
-strokes -altered composition of blood lipoproteins -obesity -poor blood glucose regulation (ie. diabetes) -high blood pressure (hypertension) and high blood cholesterol -high free radical levels |
proposed causes of Alzheimer's
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-focus on maintaining brain activity through lifelong learning
-eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables -taking ibuprofen |
preventative measures Alzheimer's
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alcoholic beverages contain the chemical form of alcohol called ethanol
|
ethanol
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most commonly abused drug
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alcohol
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(microorganisms break down simple sugars to alcohol, carbon dioxide and water in
the absence of oxygen) |
fermentation
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____ is the primary site of alcohol metabolism
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liver
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the main pathway of alcohol metabolism involves the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase
and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase |
alcohol dehydrogenase
and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase |
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moderate drinkers experience lower risk for developing cardiovascular disease and Type
2 diabetes |
physiological benefits
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-heart failure
-certain forms of cancer damage of the liver -motor vehicle and other related accidents -suicides |
(cirrhosis)
excessive consumption of alcohol contributes to some of the leading causes of death in North America |
|
-increases the risk of heart rhythm disturbances and heart muscle damage
-increases the risk of hypertension and stroke -increases the risk of hypoglycemia; reduced insulin sensitivity -damages cells of the GI tract -increases the risk for various forms of cancer -esophageal (alcohol is toxic to cells lining the esophagus) -colorectal, breast and stomach |
other risks of alcohol abuse
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-increases the risk for bone and joint problems
-increases the risk for brain damage (impaired brain and nerve function); decrease memory -increases the risk of liver damage -fat infiltration and eventual liver cirrhosis |
other risks of alcohol abuse
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-increases abdominal fat deposition; contributes to weight gain
-promotes poor sleep patterns; worsens sleep apnea -excesses may lead to violent behavioral patterns -alcoholism leads to poor nutrient intakes especially concerning vitamin and mineral deficiencies |
other risks of alcohol abuse
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-most common psychiatric disorder in the North American population
-individual experiences repeated alcohol-related difficulties |
alcohol dependence
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DETERMINE
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disease
eating poorly tooth loss or mouth pain economic hardship reduced social contact/intervention mutiple medications involuntary weight loos need for assistance with self-care elder at an advanced age |
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-congregate meal programs provide lunch at a central location
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nutrition programs for those age 60 and over in the US
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-congregate meal programs generally provide one meal per day and usually just
5 days per week -if multiple meals are provided by home delivery, some may never be eaten -if uneaten meals are left at room temperature they may be unsafe to eat later |
problems with nutrition programs for those age 60 and over in the US
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most cancers take the form of tumors
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tumors
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capable of invading surrounding structures
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malignant tumors
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refers to the spread of the cancer from one part of the body to a
different part of the body via the blood or lymphatic system |
metastasize
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excess calorie intake leading to ____________ is related to all forms of cancer except for lung cancer
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obesity
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____ is currently the most effective technique for preventing
cancer in laboratory animals |
calorie restriction
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antioxidant activity of vitamin E and vitamin C
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Cancer-Inhibiting Food Constituents
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CAUTION
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-a Change in bowel or bladder habits
-A sore that does not heal -Unusual bleeding or discharge -a Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere -Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing -an Obvious change in a wart or mole -a Nagging cough or hoarseness -unexplained weight loss is an additional sign |