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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the steps of how brains are used?
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SIDFE
1) Sense the environment 2) Integrate sensory info. from different modalities 3) Decide on a course of action 4) Formulate a motor plan 5) Enact a motor plan |
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How can e. coli be used as a simple model for a brain?
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Sense resources/toxins, integrate info., compare with goals (hunger), adopt course of action (decision-making), act (swim or tumble)
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What are brains for?
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They allow us to actively seek out resources important for survival and reproduction and to avoid hazards
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Who was Lamarck?
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Came up with first complete theory of evolution--complex organisms arise from simple ones (1809)
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Which aspects of evolution did Classical Greek philosophers touch on? How did this change in the Middle Ages?
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Continuity of nature, adaptation, all species descent with modification (600-450 BC)
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How did the view of evolution change in the 18th century?
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Began questioning theory that species are fixed, idea that there is mystery force driving complexity, descent from common ancestor
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What was the influence of geologist Charles Lyell on Darwin?
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Principle of uniformitarianism (gradual transformation of Earth's surface by natural forces)--also Earth MUCH older than Biblical 6,000 yrs
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What was the influence of economist Thomas Malthus on Darwin?
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Notion that populations outgrow their food supply, leading to competition for resources
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What was Darwin's contribution to evolutionary theory regarding natural selection?
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There is infinite variation in nature--some is heritable. Organisms can increase in number, leading to competition for resources. Thus, some variants leave more offspring than others
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What is the concept of sexual selection?
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Based on differential success in mating, certain traits of one sex evolve because of advantages they confer in attracting mates
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How does natural selection fit into evolutionary theory as a whole?
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Natural selection leads to individuals becoming better adapted to their environments. Thus, populations change over time and new species emerge-- however, evolutionary change is RANDOM--cannot be predicted long-term
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How did Darwin's work align with Mendel's?
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During Darwin's time, the mechanism of inheritance remained unknown (genes)--Mendel was working at the same time but his work was not discovered until the 20th century
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What was the Modern Synthesis that occurred in the 1930's? How did it add to the mechanisms of evolutionary change?
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Combined Darwin's evo theory with Mendelian genetics, named genes the units of inheritance
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What are the two definitions of biological evolution?
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Microevolution--Changes in the genetic composition of a population from one generation to the next
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What are the two pieces of evidence (+ example) for adaptation?
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Similar forms in similar environments in different species that represent different evolutionary events (ex. convergence--wings of bats [mammals] and birds)
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What is directional selection? Stabilizing selection?
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Mode of natural selection in which a single phenotype is favored, causing the allele frequency to shift in one direction
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What are the modes of speciation? Some examples?
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Allopatric (geographic)--occurs among populations with a barrier to gene flow
Parapatric--occurs among populations of organisms with adjacent ranges Sympatric--occurs among populations with the same or overlapping geographic ranges |
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What is character displacement? What principle does it stem from? Example?
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Refers to phenomenon where differences among similar species whose distributions overlap geographically are accentuated in regions where the species co-exist but are minimized where the species' distributions do not overlap
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How does biological species concept define species? The ecological species concept?
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A group of organisms that interbreed in nature and are reproductively isolated
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What is reinforcement and how does it amplify the initial differences between two populations/lead to new species?
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Hybrids have reduced viability, so selection favors adaptations that prevent mating between populations= greater reproductive isolation/reduced gene flow
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How do ecologists use the term niche? How does it relate to speciation?
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To describe how a population "makes a living"--includes kind of food eaten, as well as when/how the food is acquired
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What is Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus responsible for?
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Devising a hierarchical system of classifying plants and animals in the 18th century
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