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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Living with natural hazards ... |
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Label the following diagram correctly |
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Describe the Earth's crust. |
The Earth's crust is made up of pieces called plates which fit together like a jigsaw and 'float' on top of the molten magma in the mantel. It is the thinnest layer - ranging between 6-70km thick. |
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Label the following diagram. |
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What is a destructive plate boundary? |
Where Plates move towards each other. ~> <~ |
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What happens at a destructive plate boundary - e.g Nazca Plate meets South American Plate |
- The Nazca plate is an oceanic plate (has ocean on top of it) and is more dense + heavier than the South American Plate which is a continental plate. Continental Plates are less dense and lighter so rise above oceanic plates. -The oceanic plate subducts under the continental Plate. As it subducts, friction melts the oceanic plate back in to the mantel. |
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What is a constructive plate boundary? |
Where plates move away from each other <~ ~> |
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What happens at a constructive plate boundary? |
plates are moving apart. Magma rises between plates + forms new land. -- Many constructive plate boundaries are under the sea so volcanic islands such as Iceland are formed. -- Between 2 continental (land) plates, a Rift Valley is formed. |
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What is a conservative plate boundary? |
Plates slide side ways past each other. |
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What happens at a conservative Plate boundary? (Transverse - moving along side each other) |
As the plates move along side eachother, the friction builds up until the plates jolt past eachother and cause an Earthquake - NO VOLCANOES. - plates can also be moving in the same direction but at different speeds - which can also cause friction. |
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How do fold mountains occur? |
Where continental plates are moving towards Eachother, they collide and crumple to form fold mountains. The Himalayas are fold mountains. |
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Give an example of a volcanoe eruption in an MEDC. |
Mount Etna, Italy. Rests on a subduction boundary where the African plate is being pushed under the Eurasion Plate. As the crust is forced downwards, it melts. Partly due to friction, partly due to increase in heat as it renters the mantle, forming magma. Some of is magma then rises to surface to form volcanoes. Between 1970-2000 erupted x13 |
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What were the social, Economic and environmental impacts of the eruption of Mount Etna? |
Social -people were killed -holiday villas and resorts damaged Economic -roads were damaged which are expensive to repair. Environmental -animals were killed and their habitats destroyed |
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Give an example of a volcanoe eruption in an LEDC. |
Merapi, Indonesia. Is on edge of Eurasian Plate where it meets Indian Plate. The Indian Plate is oceanic so is more dense, meaning it subducts under the Eurasian Plate which is lighter. As a result of friction it melts back into the mantle. Some magma rises through cracks in the crust +forms volcanoes in the fold mountains on continental plate above. |
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List some primary and secondary effects of the Merapi Volanoe eruption in Indonesia. |
Primary: -Houses destroyed by ash -crops destroyed -ash burnt people Secondary: -homelessness -disease in refuge shelters Lack of food due to crops being destroyed |
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How can LEDC's prepare, predict and protect themselves from a volcanoe eruption? |
Prepare - people should have an emergency kit containing blankets, water, radio, goggles, torch. Predict- must rely on other countries to warn them as they do not have sufficient technology. Protect - alarms can be installed in villages to warn people and emergency shelters built. |
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How can MEDC's prepare, predict and protect themselves from a volcanoe eruption? |
Prepare - buildings built with sloping roofs - people are made aware of hazards through education on radio, TV, Internet etc. Predict - monitoring equipment is used. Tilt meters show changes in the volcanoes shape. Protect- Emergency shelters are built - bombs are dropped to create craters to trap lava and divert it. |
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Why do people live in hazardous areas? |
- people do not believe the volcanoe will erupt I'm their lifetime - volcanic areas have many landscape features -attract tourists - volcanic rocks weather to produce v. fertile soil - materials are found in volcanic areas e.g gold - geothermal energy - underground heat produces cheap power which is sustainable |
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When do Earthquakes occur? |
When two plates which are moving past eachother overcome the friction between them and jolt past eachother. |
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Give an example of an Earthquake In a MEDC. |
Kobe, Japan. Date: 17th January 1995 The Philippians sea plate subducts under the Eurasian Plate as the Philippian plate is oceanic and it is denser |
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Give an example of an Earthquake in an LEDC. |
Sichuan, China Date: 12th May 2008 Where The Indo-Australian Plate meets the Eurasion plate, the Indo-Australian plate subducts under the Eurasian plate as it is oceanic and so is denser. |
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Why did the Kobe and Sichuan earthquakes have such different impacts despite the fact they were of similar sizes? |
Kobe, Japan is an MEDC and so people were more prepared because of more sophisticated tracking systems. Buildings were built Earthquake proof and people were educated as to what to do. Sichuan is an LEDC however and so houses were weak, and people were unaware. |
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What is the Richter Scale? |
A numerical scale for expressing the magnitude of an earthquake based on shockwaves. Ranges between 1-10, 1 being not felt and 10 causing mass destruction of entire communities with many lives being lost. |
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How can people prepare for an earthquake? |
- prepare an emergency pack containing: radio, first aid kit, water, canned food, blankets - avoid having heavy objects on high shelves - bolt heavy objects e.g. Fridge to the floor. - during Earthquake stay indoors and shelter under a desk/bed. |
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How can people predict an earthquake? |
In wealthy countries, plate boundaries are closely monitored with seismometers. Often these countries also invest in other methods of prediction. E.g. Monitoring animal behaviour or looking at previous earthquake events. |
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How can people protect buildings from an earthquake? |
- Rubber shock absorbers are placed between the foundations to absorb earth tremors - automatic shutters come down over the windows to prevent glass smashing. |
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What is retro-fitting in the context of making buildings earthquake proof? |
The addition of new technology to older buildings. |
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How are tropical storms formed? |
A. The warm ocean heats the air above. B. Rising warm air evaporates and starts to spin. C. The air cools+condenses to form a towering cumulonimbus cloud. D. Intense low pressure sucks in air, causing very strong winds. |
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What is 'the eye' of the hurricane? |
The period of calm in the middle of the hurricane which occurs before the storm becomes even worse. |
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What is the Saffir-Simpson Scale? |
A scale used to measure how damaging the storm was. Storms are given a category from 1-5, 5 being the most damaging. Storms are described on the scale by wind speed in m/ph. |
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What are the effects of tropical storms/ hurricanes? |
1. Very strong winds 2. Torrential rain 3. Storm surges |
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What are storm surges? |
Very high tidal surges of sea water onto the land. Caused by strong winds blowing towards the coast from the sea and cause flooding in coastal areas. |
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Give an example of a hurricane which hit an LEDC. What were the impacts of the storm? |
Haiti, 2008 Date: 3rd September Hurricane Haiti was not expected to strike Haiti, as it was predicted to move further east. Because it is an LEDC, there were not sufficient warning systems in place and people didn't know what to do. As a result: 550 were killed, there were landslides, flooding |
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Give an example of a Hurricane which hit an MEDC. What were the impacts of the storm? |
Hurricane Katrina, USA, 2005 New Orleans is a poor area and many people were afraid to leave their homes as they has nowhere else to go. As a result: - over 1800 died - 1/2 million houses were destroyed - storm surges reached over 6m - major flooding People took shelter in the superdrome. |
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Compare how hurricanes are responded to in an LEDC and an MEDC. |
LEDC: - Poor warning systems - rely on other countries - no education of how to deal with a hurricane. - basic housing - not hurricane proof - people have no where to go. MEDC: - advanced warning systems - people are well prepared - hurricane practises - houses are built to withstand hurricanes. |
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How can governments reduce the damage from tropical storms? |
Forecast -> prepare -> act Forecast: in MEDC's hurricanes are closely tracked using special equipment. Prepare: countries have an evacuation program Act: when a forecast is given and a storm is coming people can evacuate, there should be a place for them to go e.g superdrome in H. Katrina |
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List Arguments for whether or not there will be tropical storms in the future. Yes/no |
Yes: global warming will increase sea temps so more hurricanes will occur. No: it's a natural cycle so there will be a decline over time, technology can now identify every storm rather than only the ones which make landfall so storm numbers should stabilise. |
