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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where is the zone of brittle deformation?
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0-15km
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Where is the zone of plastic deformation?
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15-30km
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Folds are examples of what type of deformation?
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Plastic
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Folds are examples of what type of faults?*
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Brittle
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Elastic
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Temporary and reversibl (like a balloon)
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Plastic
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folding and flowing of rocks
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Brittle
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fracturing of the rock; cold temperatures(earthquakes)
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Which types are permanent and non-reversible?
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Plastic & Brittle
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Which type is temporary and reversible?
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Elastic
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Deformation
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the change a rock body undergoes in either volume or shape
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Folds are examples of what type of deformation?
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Plastic
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Folds are examples of what type of faults?*
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Brittle
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Define Stress?
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The froce that causes deformation
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Dip-slip faults are characterized by what type of movement?
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Vertical
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Strike-Slip Faults are characterized by what type of movement?
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Horizontal
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(Dip Slip Fault) Normal
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hanging wall moves down; stress-tension (divergent plate at mid-oceanic ridge)
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(Dip Slip Fault) Reverse
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hanging wall moves up; stress-compression (convergent plate)
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(Dip Slip Fault) Thrust
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low angle reverse fault; stress-compression(convergent plate)
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What are the two types of strike-slip faults?
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-Right Lateral
-Left Lateral |
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Hanging Wall
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Region above the fault
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Footwall
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Area below the fault
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The hanging/foot wall are used to determine the relative movement of which group of faults?***
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dip-slip
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What type of fault is produced when the hanging wall moves up in relation to the footwall?
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Reverse
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What type of fault is produced when the hanging wall moves down in relation to the footwall?
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Normal
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(Three Types of Stress)
1) Tension 2) Compression 3) Shear |
2 forces away from one another (divergent plate boundaries)
2 forces toward each other (convergent plate boundaries) 2 forces going toward one another but offset (transform boundaries) |
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Which type of stress shortens rock bodies?
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Compression
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Which type of stress will stretch and lengthen rock bodies?
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Tension
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If a rock deforms in a brittle fashion, what features will be produced under...compression?
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Reverse Fault(dip-slip)
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If a rock deforms in a brittle fashion, what features will be produced under...tension?
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Normal Fault (dip-slip)
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Define Stress?
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The force that causes deformation
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Know how to differentiate between the right-lateral and left-lateral faults
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?
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If a rock deforms in a brittle fashion, what features will be produced under...shear?
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strike-slip fault
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If a rock deforms in a plastic fashion, what features will be produced under compression?
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permanent fold
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What types of faults would you expect at divergent plate margins? Why?
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Normal, Tensional Stress
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What types of faults would you expect at a convergent plate margin? Why?
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Reverse, Compressional Stress
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What types of faults would you expect at a transform plate margin? Why?
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Right Lateral, Shear Stress
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What type of playte boundary is located at the San Andreas Fault?
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Tectonic between pacific and north american plate
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Is the San Andreas a dip-slip or strike-slip fault?
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Strike-Slip Fault
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Is the San Andreas a right-lateral or left-lateral?
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Right-Lateral
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A bend or step in strike-slip faults can result in local areas of compression or tension. Why is this important when considering future earthquakes in the Los Angeles basin?
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There are many fault lines under the LA basin that until recently were unknown
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Was (Bend or Step) it an important consideration in the Northridge earthquake?***
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These faults show no evidence of their existence because their fault planes don't reach the surface
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Strike-slip faults are characterized by what type of movement?
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Horizontal
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What are the three types of dip-slip faults?
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1) Normal: hanging wall moves down; stress-tension (divergent plate at mid-oceanic ridge)
2) Reverse: Hanging wall moves up; stress-compression (convergent plate) 3) Thrust: low angle reverse fault; stress- compression (convergent plate) 3) Thrust |
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What are the two types of strike-slip faults?
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1) Right Lateral
2) Left Lateral |
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Know how to differentiate between the hanging wall and the footwall?
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Hanging wall: region above the fault
Footwall: area below the fault |
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Hanging wall/Footwall are used to determine the relative movement of which group of faults?
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dip-slip
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What type of fault is produced when the hanging wall moves up in relation to the footwall?
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Reverse
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What type of fault is produced when the hanging wall moves down in relation to the footwall?
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Normal
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The three types of stress?
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1) Tension: 2 forces away from one another(divergent plate boundaries)
2) Compression: 2 forces toward each other (convergent plate boundaries) 3) Shear: 2 forces going toward one another but offset (transform boundaries) |
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Which type of stress will shorten rock bodies?
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Compression
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Which type of stress will stretch and lengthen rock bodies?
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Tension
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What types of faults would you expect at divergent plate margins? Why?
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Normal, Tension stress
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What types of faults would you expect at convergent plate margins? Why?
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Reverse, Compressional stress
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What types of faults would you expect at transform plate margins? Why?
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Right lateral, Shear stress
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What type of plate boundary is located at the San Andreas Fault?
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tectonic between pacific and north American plate
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Is the San Andreas a dip-slip or strike-slip fault?
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Strike-Slip Fault
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Is San Andreas a right-lateral or a left-lateral fault?
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Right lateral
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A bend (or step) in strike-slip faults can result in local areas of compression or tension. Why is this important when considering future earthquakes in the Los Angeles basin?
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There are many fault lines under the LA basin that until recently were unknown
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Were bend or strike-slip faults an important consideration in the Northridge earthquake?
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these faults show no evidence of their existence because their fault planes don't reach the surface
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The majority of the world's earthquakes occur around the rim of what ocean?
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circum pacific region
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The world's deepest earthquakes are associated with what type of plate boundary?
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convergent plate boundaries
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The zone of earthquake activity associated with convergent plate boundaries?
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Benioff Zone
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Know the concept of elastic rebound
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Plates on opposite sides of a fault are subjected to force and shift, they accumulate energy and slowly deform until their internal strength is exceeded then the rock snaps back to their original undeformed shape (S)
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Know the difference between the hypocenter (focus) and the epicenter
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Hypocenter: the source of the earthquake
Epicenter: area on surface, above hypocenter |
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What is fault creep?
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Constant, slow movement on plate boundary; area that has not experienced an earthquake
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Are devastating earthquakes associated with fault creep or with periodic fault movement?
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Periodic fault movement
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What is an asperite?
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Stable rough spot on fault that requires a large amount of stress for release
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Are asperites associated with fault creep or with periodic movement?
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Periodic Movement
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What segment of the San Andreas Fault has a recurrence interval of about 22 years?
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Parkfield
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What is the difference between surface waves and body waves?
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Body waves travel through earth's interior
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Which of these are known as L-waves?
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Surface waves
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What are the two types of surface waves?
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1) Rayleigh waves (up and down)
2) Love waves (side to side) |
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What are the two types of body waves?
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1) Primary waves (compression) change in volume; cannot travel through liquid
2)Secondary waves (elastic) change in shape |
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Of P-waves, L-waves, and S-waves, which is the fastest (first to arrive at the seismograph station)?
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P-wave
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Of P-waves, L-waves, and S-waves, which is the slowest (last to arrive at the seismograph station)?
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L-wave
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Which wave causes the greatest amount of ground shaking(registers the highest amplitudes on seismograms)?
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L-wave
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What is the p-s interval?
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based on the speed of two waves traveling through the same material
*the greater the p-s interval, the greater the size of separation |
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Does p-s interval get larger or smaller with increasing distance from the epicenter?
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Larger
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How many seismograph stations are needed to determine the location of an epicenter?
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minimum of three
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What is this epicenter location process called?
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triangulation
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Know the difference between earthquake intensity and magnitude.
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1) Intensity: the affect of an earthquake at any given location
2) Magnitude: the strength of the earthquake |
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What scale measures intensity?
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modified merculli intensity scale
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What scale measures magnitude?
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Richter scale found using a seismograph; must know the p-s interval and amplitude of the S-wave
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An increase of one magnitude on the Richter scale will result in a _____ increase in the amount of ground shaking, but a _____ increase in the amount of energy released.
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Ten-fold, Thirty-fold
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What is base shear?
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Produced by horizontal movement of L-waves associated with collapse of buildings with soft first story (parking garage)
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Resonance:
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natural motion of the building is in sync with the motion of the seismic wave
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Liquefaction:
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loose ground material that becomes more compacted during severe earthquake vibration; water is then forced out, thus rising upward to liquefy the upper surface and results in the sinking of buildings, lateral flow of the ground, and development of sand blows
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What type of seismic waves are largely responsible for base shear and resonance (p-waves, s-waves, or L-waves)?
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L-waves
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What is dilation?
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the expansion of a rock in four stages:
a. Micro-cracks b. Expansion c. Influx of water d. Earthquake |
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How can dilation be monitored?
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a. Ground tilt
b. Electrical conductivity of the rocks c. Radon level in ground water |
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How are tsunami's generated?
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By movements of the ocean floor
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What relation, if any, do tsunmais have with tidal forces?
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Nothing
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Are tsunamis more common in the Atlantic Ocean or in the Pacific Ocean? Why?
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Pacific due to earthquake activity
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What is talus?
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A deposit of loose rock at the base of an unstable cliff
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In what way does water enhance mass wasting?
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a) Adding weight to the land mass
b) Lubricating the slip surface c) Destroying the cohesion between grains |
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What is the angle of repose and in what way is it a controlling factor in landslides?
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The steepest angel at which material remains stable
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Choosing between earthflows and mudflows, which is more common in semi-arid environments?
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Mudflow
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Which is more common in moist environments?
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Earthflow
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