Nat Sci 179 Saladin Ch. 18 Blood

Front 1

Functions (1 of 2)

Back 1

carry O2 and CO2 btwn tissues and lungs
-review the two sites of gas exchange (lungs and body tissues); know where the two gasses are going to and from
-in lungs, oxygen goes from alveoli to blood, carbon dioxide goes from blood to alveoli (then exhaled)
-in body tissues, oxygen goes from blood to tissue fluid, carbon dioxide goes from tissue fluid to blood

Front 2

Functions (2 of 2)

Back 2

-carry nutrients & wastes to and from tissues
-carry hormones
-regulates body temp. by carrying heat to surface
-immune function
-inflammation, antibodies, WBC’s
-clotting
-water balance
-acid and base balance

Front 3

Main Components

Back 3

plasma

formed elements

erythrocytes

platelets

leukocytes

Front 4

plasma

Back 4

-liquid part of blood
-collected from non-clotted blood (in a tube containing an anticoagulant, such as heparin)

Front 5

serum

Back 5

-plasma minus clotting elements
-collected from clotted blood (in a tube that has no anticoagulant; the clotting elements stay in the clot)

Front 6

erythrocytes

Back 6

-red blood cells (RBC’s)
-carry oxygen to tissues
-most numerous of the formed elements
-stain light pink, no nucleus

Front 7

platelets

Back 7

-are cell fragments
-needed for blood clotting
-stain dark blue, much smaller than other formed elements

Front 8

leukocytes

Back 8

white blood cells (WBC’s)
part of the immune system

Front 9

granulocytes

Back 9

eosinophils: bi-lobed nucleus, red-stained granules in cytoplasm
-basophils: no visible nucleus, filled with blue-stained granules, no cytoplasm visible
-neutrophils: multi-lobed nucleus
-agranulocytes:
-monocytes: large cell, horseshoe or kidney- shaped nucleus
-lymphocytes: large oval nucleus, some cytoplasm visible

Front 10

Osmolarity of blood

Back 10

number of particles
-usually measured in milliOsmos (mOs)
-larger number means more particles

Front 11

osmosis

Back 11

H2O moves from hi to lo conc. of H2O

Front 12

hypotonic

Back 12

a hypotonic solution has fewer particles, or is more dilute

Front 13

hypertonic

Back 13

a hypertonic solution has more particles, or is less dilute

Front 14

osmolarity in blood controlled by

Back 14

-electrolytes (such as Na+, K+)
-proteins in blood (albumins, globulins)
-osmolarity due to proteins is blood is colloid osmotic pressure

Front 15

plasma protein deficiency
-causes:

Back 15

-protein starvation in diet
-liver disease (affects protein synthesis)
-kidney disease (protein loss in urine)
-severe burns (protein loss at surface)

Front 16

plasma protein deficiency

effects

Back 16

-blood osmolarity drops
-tissue fluid increases
-swelling
-ascites = fluid accumulates in abdominal cavity
-bloodstream loses fluid
-low BP
-kwashiorkor
-African word for protein deficiency w/ distended stomach in children
-often occurs when child is no longer breast-fed

Front 17

ABO Group

Back 17

blood type derived from antigens on RBC’s.
-proteins on cell membranes
-part of cell identity (self vs. non-self)

Front 18

blood type/Antigen

Back 18

A has A antigen; type B has B antigen; type O has neither antigen; type AB has both A and B antigens

Front 19

body makes antibodies to the antigens not present on the RBC’s

Back 19

antibodies are in the plasma

Front 20

blood

Back 20

-type A has anti-B antibodies only
-type B has anti-A antibodies only
-type O has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
-type AB has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

Front 21

universal donor/recipient

Back 21

-type O is universal donor
-type AB is universal recipient

Front 22

agglutination

Back 22

seen if antibodies react with antigens
-caused by antibodies binding to RBC’s

Front 23

coagulation

Back 23

not the same as coagulation, which is due to clotting factors

Front 24

agglutinins

Back 24

antibodies also called agglutinins

Front 25

agglutinogens

Back 25

antigens also called agglutinogens

Front 26

Rh Group

Back 26

Rh plus has Rh antigen on RBC’s

Rh minus individual has no Rh antigen and will make anti-Rh antibodies

-important in blood transfusions and in pregnancy
-if mother is Rh minus and father is Rh plus
-Rh plus fetus may be attacked by mother’s anti-Rh antibodies

Front 27

HDN (hemolytic disease of the newborn)

Back 27

prevented by giving mother RhoGam
-an immune globulin (an antibody)
-binds to fetal Rh antigens so they cannot stimulate mother’s body to make anti-Rh antibodies
-given to mother in late pregnancy and at birth

Front 28

Blood Cell Production

Back 28

hemopoiesis

myeloid hemopoiesis

lymphoid hemopoiesis

hemocytoblasts

Front 29

hemopoiesis

Back 29

(aka hematopoiesis) = blood cell (formed elements) production
-useful for understanding blood disorders (anemias, leukemias)
-Note: blood cells often called formed elements because platelets are not cells, but cell fragments

Front 30

myeloid hemopoiesis

Back 30

-formation of all formed elements
-occurs in red bone marrow

Front 31

lymphoid hemopoiesis

Back 31

-formation of lymphocytes
-occurs in lymph tissues
-thymus, tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes

Front 32

hemocytoblasts

Back 32

stem cells
-give rise to all formed elements of blood
-multiply continually to maintain their numbers
-are multipotent: can differentiate into several different cell lines
-differentiation begins when they develop receptors for stimulatory chemicals:
-erythropoietin
-thrombopoietin
-CSFs (colony-stimulating factors)
-once the receptors are formed, they are committed cells

Front 33

Erythrocyte Production

Back 33

hemocytoblast

proerythroblast

erythroblast

normoblast

reticulocyte

erythrocyte

Front 34

erythropoiesis

Back 34

stimulated by a hormone made by liver and kidneys: erythropoietin
-takes 3-5 days for mature RBC to develop
-2.5 million RBCs made per second; 20ml per day

Front 35

1-starts as

Back 35

1-starts as hemocytoblast

Front 36

2-becomes

Back 36

2-becomes proerythroblast
-committed cell
-has receptors for erythropoietin

Front 37

3-becomes

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3-becomes erythroblast
-makes hemoglobin

Front 38

4-becomes

Back 38

4-becomes normoblast as nucleus shrinks
-when nucleus is gone

Front 39

5-becomes

Back 39

5-reticulocyte
-named for ER within
-leaves bone marrow, enters bloodstream

Front 40

6-becomes

Back 40

6-becomes erythrocyte when ER disappears
-Note: both reticulocytes (0.5-1%) and erythrocytes found in blood
-# of reticulocytes in bloodstream increases after blood loss

Front 41

Erythrocyte homeostasis

Back 41

-maintained by erythropoietin

Front 42

-example, starting with hypoxemia

(low oxygen in blood):

Back 42

hypoxemia -> liver & kidneys increase erythropoietin secretion -> stimulates red bone marrow -> increased RBC production -> increased oxygen transport

Front 43

causes of hypoxemia:

Back 43

blood loss, high altitude, sudden exercise
-lung damage (like emphysema)
-NOT corrected by increased erythropoiesis
-problem is lack of functioning lung tissue, not lack of RBC’s
-body responds in same way, anyway
-can result in dangerous polycythemia

Front 44

Polycythemia

Back 44

-too many RBC’s
-can result from cancer of red bone marrow erythropoietic cells
-can also result from anything can causes hypoxemia
-those mentioned above: lung damage, smoking, high altitude, emphysema
-also caused by dehydration, strenuous conditioning, blood doping
-causes increased blood volume, BP, viscosity
-can strain heart, cause clots
-can result in heart failure, stroke

Front 45

Leukocyte production

Back 45

granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming unit

T progenitor

CSFs

Front 46

1) granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units become

Back 46

-become monocytes & granulocytes (eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils)
-monocytes can migrate into tissues and become macrophages

Front 47

2) T progenitor

Back 47

2) T progenitor (become T lymphocytes)

Front 48

3) B progenitor

Back 48

3) B progenitor (become B lymphocytes)

Front 49

all 3 committed cell types have receptors for CSFs

Back 49

-CSFs secreted by mature lymphocytes & macrophages
-secreted in response to immune system challenges

Front 50

each CSF stimulates a different type of WBC

Back 50

-bacterial infection produces neutrophils
-allergic response produces eosinophils

Front 51

Platelet Production

Back 51

thrombopoiesis

-platelets used to be called thrombocytes

Front 52

Platelet Production steps

Back 52

thrombopoietin

megakaryoblast

megakaryocyte

& 4th step

Front 53

1-hemocytoblast

Back 53

1-hemocytoblast develops receptors for thrombopoietin
-hormone made by liver and kidneys

Front 54

2-with receptors

Back 54

2-with receptors, now called megakaryoblast
-replicates DNA many times w/o cell division
-becomes giant cell called:

Front 55

3-megakaryocyte

Back 55

3-megakaryocyte
-has multiple sets of chromosomes
-cell fragments into platelets

Front 56

4-platelets circulate i

Back 56

4-platelets circulate in blood; some stored in spleen until needed

Front 57

polycythemia

Back 57

too many RBCs

Front 58

anemia (too few RBCs)

Back 58

1) inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin production
2) hemorrhagic anemia due to bleeding
3) hemolytic anemia due to RBC destruction

Front 59

iron-deficiency anemia

Back 59

hemoglobin contains iron
-when iron is lacking in diet, adequate hemoglobin cannot be made

Front 60

pernicious anemia

Back 60

vitamin B12 deficiency (plentiful in meat)
-strict vegetarians need supplements
-intrinsic factor needed for absorption of B12
-made by stomach cells

not enough int. fac. can be hereditary; also commonly occurs with old age

Front 61

hypoplastic anemia

Back 61

hypoplastic anemia = decrease in erythropoiesis

Front 62

aplastic anemia =

Back 62

complete cessation of erythropoiesis
- both hypoplastic and aplastic can be due to radiation exposure, drugs, poisons (snake venom, mushrooms, arsenic, mustard gas), viruses, autoimmune disease, hereditary causes

Front 63

medical consequences of anemia:

Back 63

1-hypoxia of tissues (low oxygen)
-lethargy, shortness of breath, pale-skin
-in extreme, necrosis of tissue & organs
2- reduced blood osmolarity
-more fluid enters tissues -> edema
3- reduced blood viscosity, causing:
-reduced resistance of flow, causing increased heart rate
-can lead to heart failure
-reduced blood pressure