Nasopharyngeal Disease In Dogs And Cats

Front 1

Define Stertor?

Back 1

Stertor is an inspiratory snoring noise associated with partial occlusion of the nasal passages choanae or nasopharynx.

Front 2

Define stirdor?

Back 2

Is a high pitched inspiratory noise associated with partial occlusion of the larynx or trachea.

Asphyxiating!!!!!!!!!!

Front 3

Define sneeze

Back 3

Forceful expiration that results in expulsion of foreign material from the nasal passages.

Front 4

Dogs that get reverse sneezing?

Back 4

Brachycephalic dogs its a choking noise.

Front 5

How do we detect the patency of airways on physical examination?

Back 5

Holding a cold slide up to animals nares and looking for condesation.

Or a wisp of cotton wool.

Front 6

What is a facial deformity a sign of with respiratory disease?

Back 6

Neoplasia, fungal disease or dental abcessation.

Front 7

On physical exam what does facial pain show in terms of nasopharyngeal disease?

Back 7

Either going to be neoplasia, fungal infection, trauma or a foreign body.

Front 8

What does decreased resonance show in terms of sinus percussion?

Back 8

Accumulation of fluid in the sinuses.

Front 9

What does nasal depigmentation suggest?

Back 9

This is suggestive of fungal infection particularly aspergillosis in the dog.

Front 10

What does petechiation of the mucous membranes suggest?

Back 10

Thrombocytopenia or thrombocytopathia.

Front 11

What blood tests should we run for an animal with suspected nasopharyngeal disease?

Back 11

Routine haematology and biochemistry to establish health status in older animals.

Clotting profile- ACPTT, fibrinogen assay, buccal mucosal bleeding time.

Retrovirus status in the cat FeLV and FIV.

Front 12

What is shown here?

Back 12

Cryptococcus neoformans.

Front 13

What is needed to make a definitive diagnosis of aspergillosis?

Back 13

Fungal hyphae.

Front 14

What is cryptococcus neoformans associated with in cats?

Back 14

Pidgeon droppings

Front 15

Main things to in our exam for an animal with suspected nasopharyngeal pathology?

Back 15

1) Nasal patency assessed.

2) Facial deformity/ assymetry.

3) Facial pain

4) Sinus percussion

5) Mucous membranes.

6) Nasal depigmentation

7) Lymph nodes.

8) Mucous membranes assessed for ptechial haemorrhage

9) Check the eyes for evidence of infection agent or hypertension.

10) Palatine deformity.

Front 16

How useful is using a oropharyngeal swab to detect an infectious agent?

Back 16

Not very useful as commensal organisms will also grow.

Front 17

Local causes of epistaxis?

Back 17

Local causes of epistaxis include:

Trauma.

Dental disease.

Neoplasia.

Fungal rhinitis.

Foreign body.

Front 18

Systemic causes of epistaxis?

Back 18

Systemic causes of epistaxis are:

Hypertension.

Coagulopathy.

Infectious diseases.

Front 19

How do you manage acute epistaxis?

Back 19

Keep calm.

Assess blood pressure.

Consider sedating to decrease blood pressure and decrease anxiety.

Use adrenaline for vasoconstriction.

Stuff nose with tampons.

Ice the face.

If its very severe consider a blood transfusion.

Front 20

Clinical signs of acute rhinitis? Causes of acute rhinitis in the cat?

Back 20

Sneezing,nasal discharge, ocular discharge, pyrexia and inappetence.

Causes in the cat: Viral infections, bordetella, chlamydophila, mycoplasma.

Can be allergens also in the environment.

Front 21

Causes of acute rhinitis in the dog?

Back 21

Distemper, bordetella, herpevirus, mycoplasma.

Front 22

What is the treatment plan for a cat with chronic bacterial rhinitis?

Back 22

It won't be cured. Educate the owner.

Regular nasal washes with pulse dose antibiotics such as doxycycline, nebulised saline, anti viral therapy.

Front 23

No. 1 commensal in cat noses?

Back 23

Pasteurella

Front 24

Signalment of dogs with chronic inflammatory rhinitis?

Back 24

Young to middle aged dogs that are systemically well.

Front 25

Causes of chronic inflammatory rhinitis on dog?

Back 25

Allergy,idiopathic.

Front 26

What test do we run with a dog with suspected inflammatory rhinitis?

Back 26

Do a biopsy to confirm the type of infiltrate :

Lymphocytic plasmacytic vs. eosinophilic

Front 27

Treatment plan for a dog with inflammatory rhinitis?

Back 27

Gluccocorticoids, ciclosporin, antihistamines, AB for secondary infection.

Front 28

What are clinical signs relating to fungal rhinitis in the dog?

Back 28

A young to middle aged dolichocephalic dog.

Bloody sanguinous, unilateral or bilateral nasal discharge.

Depigmentation of nasal plantum.

Facial pain present also.

Front 29

What is the most common bug causing fungal rhinitis in the dog?

Cat?

Back 29

Aspergillus fumigatus in the dog.

Crpytococcus neoformans in the cat.

Front 30

How do we diagnose a fungal rhinitis, what tests would we run?

Back 30

Impression smears of nasal discharge for cryptococcus neoformans + positive LCAT.

Histopathology and fungal culture of a nasal biopsy demonstating hyphae for aspergillosis.

Other supportive features of aspergillosis are nasal turbinate destruction and positive aspergillus serology.

Front 31

How do we treat aspergillosis in the dog?

Back 31

Infuse clotrimazole via nasal catheters or systemic anti fungals like itraconazole.

Front 32

How do we treat crpytococcus neoformans in kitties?

Back 32

Fluconazole systemically. Repeated topical infusions for a wee while 4-5 mnths

Front 33

Canine neoplasias that affect the nasopharyngeal region of the dog.

Back 33

Adenocarcinomas. Commonest.

Fibrosarcomas.

Chondrosarcomas.

Osteosarcomas.

Front 34

Commonest nasopharyngeal tumor in the dog?

Back 34

Lymphoma.

Front 35

Clinical signs more suggestive of a neoplasia of the nasopharyngeal region?

Back 35

Older animals.

Unilateral sero-sanguionous discharge be highly suspicious it can be bilateral with facial deformity with progression

Front 36

What is diagnosis of neoplasia based on?

Back 36

Histopathology after a biopsy

Front 37

Treatment for a nasal adenocarcinoma in the dog? Lymphoma in cat?

Back 37

Radiation therapy.

Consider chemotherapy.

Surgical debulking/

Front 38

Signs of dental disease?

Back 38

Mucopurulent uni-bilateral nasal discharge.

Halitosis.

Dysphagia.

Blood tinged saliva

Front 39

Causes of dental disease leading to nasopharyngeal pathology?

Back 39

Severe periodontal disease progressing to osteomyelitis!!

Oro nasal fistulas.

Front 40

Treatment for dental disease cause nasopharyngeal signs?

Back 40

Need to extract affect teeth.

Use A/B like clindamycin, metronidazole.

Close the oronasal fistula with a flap.

Front 41

Signs associated with inhaling a FB? is it common?

Back 41

Acute onset.

Sneezing.

When it becomes chronic get a smelly nasal discharge.

If its aspirated with get gagging and vomitting.

Front 42

How do we diagnose a FB?

Back 42

Radiographs- needles, stones (Cats love stones)

Rhinoscopy.

Retract soft palate soft palate and look with dental mirror.

Front 43

Signs and signalment for animals developing nasopharyngeal polylps?

Back 43

Younger cats.

Stertuourous noise, nasal discharge, dysphagia, retching and gagging.

Front 44

How do we diagnose nasopharyngeal polyps and treat them?

Back 44

Visualised on otoscopic exam or retracting soft palate.

Radiographs

Front 45

What is the chance of recurrence with a nasopharyngeal polyp?

Back 45

40 %