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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ch. 10
accessible population |
A population that meets the population criteria & is available
e.g. Might include all full-time generic baccalaureate students attending school in Indiana (Pragmatic factors must also be considered when IDing a potential population of interest) |
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Ch. 10
Convenience sampling |
A nonprobability sampling strategy that uses the most readily accessible persons or objects as subjects in a study
e.g. A researcher studying the relationship btwn pain & functional disability in black & white older adults recruited a convenience sample of 115 community-dwelling older adults from 5 senior centers & two churches in a large, racially diverse city in the Midwest who met the eligibility criteria & volunteered to participate in the study. |
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Ch. 10
data saturation |
A point when data collection can cease. It occurs when the information being shared with the researcher becomes repetitive. Ideas conveyed by the participant have been shared before by other participants; inclusion of additional participants does not result in new ideas.
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Ch. 10
delimitations |
aka exclusion criteria
Those characteristics that restrict the population to a homogeneous group of subjects. e.g. gender, age, marital status, socioeconomic status, religion, ethnicity, level of education, age of children, health status, diagnosis |
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Ch. 10
element |
The most basic unit about which information is collected.
e.g. most common element in n-research is individuals, but other elements e.g. places or objects, can form basis of a sample or population e.g. A researcher planning a study that compared the effectiveness of different n-interventions on reducing falls in the elderly in long-term care facilities (LTCs). 4 LTCs, each using a different falls prevention tx protocol identified as units. |
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Ch. 10
eligibility criteria |
aka inclusion
Those characteristics that restrict the population to a homogeneous group of subjects. |
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Ch. 10
exclusion criteria |
aka delimitations
Those characteristics that restrict the population to a homogeneous group of subjects. e.g. gender, age, marital status, socioeconomic status, religion, ethnicity, level of education, age of children, health status, diagnosis |
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Ch. 10
inclusion |
aka eligibility criteria
Those characteristics that restrict the population to a homogeneous group of subjects. e.g. gender, age, marital status, socioeconomic status, religion, ethnicity, level of education, age of children, health status, diagnosis |
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Ch. 10
matching |
A special sampling strategy used to construct an equivalent comparison sample group by filling it with subjects who are similar to each subject in another sample group in relation to preestablished variables, such as age and gender.
e.g. Study examining the effect of an ankle strengthening and walking exercise program on improving fall-related outcomes in the elderly, researchers recruited participants from 10 private, urban nursing homes and matched in pairs by Risk Assessment for Falls Scale scores and then randomly assigned w/n each pair to the intervention or control group. |
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Ch. 10
multistage (cluster) sampling |
Involves a successive random sampling of units (clusters) that programs from large to small and meets sample eligibility criteria.
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Ch. 10
network (snowball effect) sampling |
A strategy used for locating samples that are difficult to locate. It uses social networks and the fact that friends tend to have characteristics in common; subjects who meet the eligibility criteria are asked for assistance in getting in touch with others who meet the same criteria.
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Ch. 10
non-probability sampling |
A procedure in which elements are chosen by nonrandom methods.
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Ch. 10
pilot study |
A small, simple study conducted as a prelude to a larger-scale study that is often called the "parent study."
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Ch. 10
population |
A well-defined set that has certain specified properties.
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Ch. 10
probability sampling |
A procedure that uses some form of random selection when the sample units are chosen.
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Ch. 10
purposive sampling |
A nonprobability sampling strategy in which the researcher selects subjects who are considered to be typical of the population.
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Ch. 10
quota sampling |
A nonprobability sampling strategy that identifies the strata of the population and proportionately represents the strata in the sample.
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Ch. 10
random selection |
A selection process in which each element of the population has an equal and independent chance of being included in the sample.
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Ch. 10
representative sample |
A sample whose key characteristics closely approximate those of the population.
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Ch. 10
sample |
A subset of sampling units from a population.
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Ch. 10
sampling |
A process in which representative units of a population are selected for study in a research investigation.
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Ch. 10
sampling frame |
A list of all units of the population.
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Ch. 10
sampling unit |
The element or set of elements used for selecting the sample.
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Ch. 10
simple random sampling |
A probability sampling strategy in which the population is defined, a sampling frame is listed, and a subset from which the sample will be chosen is selected; members randomly selected.
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Ch. 10
snowballing |
aka networking sampling
a strategy used for locating samples that are difficult or impossible to locate in other ways. This strategy takes advantage of social networks & the fact that friends tend to have characteristics in common |
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Ch. 10
stratified random sampling |
A probability sampling strategy in which the population is divided into strata or subgroups. An appropriate number of elements from each subgroup are randomly selected based on their proportion in the population.
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Ch. 10
target population |
A population or group of individuals that meet the sampling criteria.
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Ch. 12
anecdotes |
summaries of a particular observation that usually focus on the behaviors of interest & frequently add to the richness of research reports by illustrating a particular point
e.g. Studying the observation methods of psychiatric RNs & their invisibility in an active inpatient psychiatric setting. Fieldwork data (field notes, including anecdotes that provided examples) were generated by participant observation, individual interviews, and two focus groups |
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Ch. 12
closed-ended questions |
Question that the respondent may answer with only one of a fixed number of choices.
e.g. On average, how many pts. do you care for in one day? |
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Ch. 12
concealment |
Refers to whether the subjects know that they are being observed.
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Ch. 12
consistency |
Data are collected from each subject in the study in exactly the same way or as close to the same way as possible.
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Ch. 12
content analysis |
A technique for the objective, systematic, and quantitative description of communications and documentary evidence.
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Ch. 12
debriefing |
The opportunity for researchers to discuss the study with the participants and for participants to refuse to have their data included in the study.
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Ch. 12
demographic data |
data which includes information that describes important characteristics about the subjects in a study (e.g. age, gender, race, ethnicity, education, marital status).
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Ch. 12
existing data |
data gathered from records (e.g., medical records, care plans, hospital records, death certificates) and databases (e.g. U.S. Census, National Cancer Data Base, Minimum Data Set for Nursing Home Resident Assessment and Care Screening)
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Ch. 12
field notes |
short summary of observations made during data collection. Usually not restricted to any particular type of action or behavior; rather, they represent a narrative set of written notes intended to paint a picture of a social situation in a more general sense.
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Ch. 12
intervention |
Deals with whether or not the observer provokes actions from those who are being observed.
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Ch. 12
intervention fidelity |
aka consistency
means that data are collected from each subject in exactly the same manner w/ the same method by carefully trained data collectors. Researchers attempt to design data-collection methods that will be consistently applied across all subjects & time points to increase this fidelity so that measurement error leading to bias is decreased. |
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Ch. 12
interview guide |
a list of questions and probes used by interviews that use open-ended questions
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Ch. 12
Likert-type scales |
Lists of statements for which respondents indicate whether they "strongly agree," "agree," "disagree," or "strongly disagree."
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Ch. 12
measurement |
determining what measurement to use in a particular investigation may be the most difficult & time-consuming step in study design
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Ch. 12
measurement error |
The difference between what really exists and what is measured in a given study
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Ch. 12
objective |
Data that are not influenced by anyone who collects the information.
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Ch. 12
open-ended questions |
Question that the respondent may answer in his or her own words. Often use a list of question and probes called an interview guide.
e.g. Please list three most important reasons why you chose to stay in your current job |
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Ch. 12
operational definition |
The measurements used to observe or measure a variable; delineates the procedures or operations required to measure a concept.
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Ch. 12
participant observation |
a commonly used observational technique in which the researcher functions as a part of a social group to study the group in question
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Ch. 12
questionnaires |
paper & pencil instruments designed to gather data from individuals about knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, & feelings.
May be open or close-ended and are most useful when there is a finite set of questions.Survey researchers rely almost entirely on these for data collection |
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Ch. 12
random error |
error that occurs when scores vary in a random way. Random error occurs when data collectors do not use standard procedures to collect data consistently among all subjects in a study.
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Ch. 12
reactivity |
The distortion created when those who are being observed change their behavior because they know that they are being observed.
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Ch. 12
respondent burden |
Occurs when the length of the questionnaire or interview is too long or the questions too difficult for respondents to answer in a reasonable amount of time considering their age, health condition, or mental status.
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Ch. 12
scale |
A self-report inventory that provides a set of response symbols for each item. A rating or score is assigned to each response.
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Ch. 12
scientific observation |
Collecting data about the environment and subjects. Data collection has specific objectives to guide it, is systematically planned and recorded, is checked and controlled, and is related to scientific concepts and theories.
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Ch. 12
self-report |
Data collection methods that require subjects to respond directly to either interviews or structured questionnaires about their experiences, behaviors, feelings, or attitudes. These are commonly used in nursing research and are most useful for collecting data on variables that cannot be directly observed or measured by physiological instruments
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Ch. 12
systematic |
Data collection carried out in the same manner with all subjects.
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Ch. 12
systematic error |
Attributable to lasting characteristics of the subject that do not tend to fluctuate from one time to another. Also called constant error.
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