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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Functions of the musculoskeletal system
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-Provides support for the body
-Enables it to stand and to move -Protects inner organs -Produces RBCs in bone marrow -Provides for the storage of minerals |
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Types of Joints
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Synovial- freely moveable joints; enclosed in a joint cavity that is filled with synovial fluid
Nonsynovial- immovable/slightly moveable (i.e. verbebrae) ((Bursa- sac filled with viscous synovial fluid located in joint areas of potential friction; help muscles and tendons glide smoothly over bone)) |
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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chronic systemic inflammatory disease of joints and surrounding connective tissue.
-symmetrical and bilateral; characterized by heat, redness, swelling, and painful motion of the affected joints -inflammation of synovial membrane leads to thickening; then to fibrosis, which limits motion, and finally to bony anklylosis |
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Osteoporosis
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-decrease in skeletal bone mass occurring when rate of bone resorption is greater than that of bone formation
- weakened bone state increases risk for stress fractures, especially at wrist, hip, and vertebrae |
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Atrophy of shoulder
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loss of muscle mass
seen as lack of fullness surrounding deltoid muscle |
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Dislocated shoulder
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hunching the shoulder forward and the tip of the clavicle dislocates
occurs with trauma involving abduction, extension, and rotation |
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Joint effusion of shoulder
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swelling from excess fluid in joint capsule
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Tear of the rotator cuff
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(of shoulder)
seen as hunched position and limited abduction of the arm Occurs from traumatic adduction while arm is held in adduction, or from fall on shoulder, throwing, or heavy lifting |
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Gouty arthritis of elbow
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joint effusion or synovial thickening presents as bulge in grooves on either side of olecranon process
-Redness and heat can extend beyond area of synovial membrane -Soft, boggy, or fluctant to palpation; Limited extension of elbow |
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Subcutaneous nodules of elbow
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-raised, firm, nonternder nodules occuring with RA
Skin slides freely over nodules. |
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Ganglion cyst
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round, cystic, nontender nodule overlying a tendon sheath or joint capsule
usually on dorsum of wrist; a common, benign tumor |
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Carpal tunnel syndrome
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pain, burning and numbness; positive Phalen’s test and Tinel’s sign, and atrophy of thenar muscles
Caused by chronic repetitive motion, occurs between 30 and 60 years of age and is 5 times more likely in women than men |
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Ankylosis
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stiffness or fixation of a joint
Wrist in extreme flexion due to severe RA; functionally useless hand (when the wrist is palmar flexed, a good deal of power is lost from the fingers, and the thumb cannot oppose the fingers) |
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Dupuytren’s contracture
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flexion contracture of the fingers due to chronic hyperplasia (abnormal increase in the number of cells) of the palmar fascia
Bands extend from the midpalm to the digits and puckering of palmar skin Usually bilateral; painless, but impairs hand function Occurs with diabetes, epilepsy, and alcoholic liver disease, and as an inherited trait |
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Swan-neck
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flexion contracture of the metacarpophalangeal joint resembles curve of a swan’s neck
Occurs with chronic RA and is often accompanied by ulnar drift of the fingers |
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Boutonniere deformities
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knuckle looks as if it is being pushed through a buttonhole
Relatively common deformity |
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Ulnar deviation or drift
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Fingers drift to the ulnar side because of stretching of the articular capsule and muscle imbalance
Caused by chronic RA. |
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Degenerative joint disease or osteoarthritis
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characterized by hard, nontender nodules, 2 to 3 mm or more
These osteophytes (bony overgrowths) of the distal interphalangeal joints are called Heberden’s nodes, and those of the proximal interphalangeal joints are called Bouchard’s nodes |
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Acute rheumatoid arthritis
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Painful swelling and stiffness of joints, with fusiform or spindle-shaped swelling of the soft tissue of proximal interphalangeal joints
Fusiform swelling is usually symmetric, the hands are warm, and the veins are engorged; the inflamed joints have limited ROM |
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Syndactyly
Polydactyly |
- webbed fingers; congenital deformity
- extra digit, congenital deformity |
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Milnd synovitis
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-abnormality of knee
-Loss of normal hollows on either side of the patella, which are replaced by mild distention Occurs with synovial thickening or effusion (excess fluid) |
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Prepatellar bursitis
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localized swelling on the anterior knee between patella and skin
tender fluctuant mass indicates swelling; condition is limited to bursa, and the knee joint itself is not involved Overlying skin may be red, shiny and atrophic, or coarse and thickened |
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Osgood-Schlatter disease
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painful swelling of the tibial tubercle just below the knee, probably from repeated stress on the patellar tendon
Occurs most in puberty after growth and most often in males Condition is usually self-limited, and symptoms resolve with rest |
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Acute gout
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redness, swelling, heat, and extreme tenderness, usually involves the metatarsophalangeal joint first
metabolic disorder of disturbed purine metabolism, associated with elevated serum uric acid, occurring primarily in men over 40 years of age |
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Hallux vagus
(w/ bunion & hammertoes) |
common deformity from RA; It is a lateral or outward deviation of the great toe with medial prominence of the head of the first metatarsal
The bunion is the inflamed bursa that forms at the pressure point The great toe loses power to push off while walking |
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Ingrown toenail
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nail does not grow in, but the soft tissue grows over the nail and obliterates the groove
occurs almost always on the great toe on the medial or lateral side due to trimming the nail too short or toe-crowding in tight shoes; area becomes infected when the nail grows and its corner penetrates the soft tissue |
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Scoliosis
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s-shaped curvature of the thoracic spine
Functional scoliosis: flexible; it is apparent with standing and disappears with forward bending; may be compensatory for other abnormalities such as leg length discrepancy Structural scoliosis: fixed; curvature shows both on standing and on bending forward |
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Kyphosis
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outward or convex curvature of the thoracic spine, hunchback
Causes significant back pain and limited mobility |