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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The collective vegetation in a given area:
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resident flora
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An invasion of body tissue by a microorganisms and their growth there.
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An infection
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A microorganism that causes infection is called:
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An infectious agent
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If a microorganism produces no clinical evidence of disease, the infection is called:
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asymptomatic or subclinical
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Can subclinical infections still cause damage?
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yes
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A detectable alteration in normal tissue function:
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disease
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A microorganisms ability to produce disease:
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virulence
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If the infectious agent can be transmitted to an individual by direct or indirect contact or as an airborne infection, the resulting condition is called:
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a communicable disease
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The ability to produce disease:
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pathogenicity
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A microorganism that causes disease:
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a pathogen
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Pathogen that causes disease or infection in a healthy individual:
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True pathogen
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Pathogen that causes disease only in a susceptible individual:
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an opportunistic pathogen
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The freedom from disease-causing microorganisms:
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Asepsis
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What are the two basic types of asepsis?
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medical and surgical
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Type of asepsis that includes all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific area, limiting the number, growth, and transmission of microorganisms.
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medical asepsis
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Type of asepsis that refers to those practices that keep an area or object free of all microorganisms and spores.
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Surgical asepsis
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surgical asepsis is aka:
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sterile technique
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In medical asepsis, objects are referred to as:
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clean or dirty
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clean means:
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the absence of almost all microorganisms.
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Dirty means:
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likely to have microorganisms, some of which may be capable of causing infection.
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Surgical asepsis is used for all procedures involving ____________ areas of the body.
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THE STERILE
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The state of infection:
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sepsis
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The process by which strains of microorganisms become resident flora; in this state, the microorganisms may grow and multiply but do not cause disease.
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colonization
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Infection occurs when:
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newly introduced or resident microorganisms succeed in invading a part of the body where the host's defense mechanisms are ineffective and the pathogen causes tissue damage.
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The infection becomes a disease when:
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the signs and symptoms of the infection are unique and can be differentiated from other conditions.
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An infection limited to the specific part of the body where the microorganisms remain.
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a local infection
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An infection where the microorganisms have spread and damaged different parts of the body:
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a systemic infection
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An infection where a culture of the person's blood reveals microorganisms:
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bacteremia
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Bacteremia resulting in a systemic infection:
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septicemia
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An infection that appears suddenly or lasts a short time:
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an acute infection.
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An infection that occurs slowly, over a very long period, and may last months or years.
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a chronic infection
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Infections that originate in the hospital.
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Nosocomial infections
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Nosocomial infections are a subgroup of:
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health care-associated infections (HAIs)
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Infections that originate in any health care setting:
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HAIs
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HAIs are believed to include ______ many clients per year:
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about 2 million
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What are the CDC stats for HAIs by category?
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33.33% are UTIs
22% in surgical wounds 15% in the respiratory tract 14% in the blood stream |
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The microorganisms that cause nosocomial infections can originate from two sources: the patients themselves or from the hospital environment. These are called:
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endogenous or exogenous sources.
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Most nosocomial infections originate from this source:
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endogenous source
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What are four very common sources of nosocomial infections?
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Escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, enterococci, and Clostridium difficile.
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Nosocomial infections that are the direct result of a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure.
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iatrogenic infections
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What are the six links of the Chain of Infection?
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1) Etiologic Agent
2) Reservoir 3) Portal of Exit 4) Mode of Transmission 5) Portal of Entry 6) susceptible Host |
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What are the types of transmission?
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Direct
2 types of Indirect Airborne |
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What are the 2 types of indirect transmission?
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vehicle-borne or vector borne transmission.
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Describe each type: vehicle-borne, and vector-borne.
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Vehicle-borne: through a fomite.
Vector-borne: through a vector. |
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Direction transmission:
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direct touch or droplets spread within 1m.
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Airborne transmission:
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Droplet nuclei or dust.
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In response to the exit of leukocytes from the blood, the bone marrow produces large numbers of leukocytes and releases them into the bloodstream, in a process called:
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leukocytosis
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normal leukocyte count =
leukocytosis leukocyte count = |
4,500 - 11,000/mm³
20,000 or more/mm³ |
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A localized and nonspecific defensive response of the tissues to an injurious or infectious agent:
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Inflammation
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What are the stages of Inflammation?
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Vascular and cellular response
Exudate production Reparative phase |
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The replacement of destroyed tissue cells by cells that are identical or similar in structure and function.
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Regeneration
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Fragile, gelatinous tissue, appearing pink or red because of many newly formed capillaries:
Stage? |
Granulation tissue; forms in the early reparative phase.
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Type of immunity where the host produces antibodies in response to antigens.
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active immunity
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Type of immunity where the host receives natural (from mother) or artificial (immunoglobulins).
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passive (acquired) immunity.
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Techniques to be used with all patients. The risk of caregiver exposure to client bodily fluids rather than the suspected presence or absence of pathogens determines the use of PPE.
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Universal or Standard precautions.
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For routine care, CDC recommends vigorous hand washing under a stream of water for at least __________ at the beginning of each shift.
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20 seconds
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the CDC recommends antimicrobial soap when:
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There are known multiple drug resistant bacteria.
Before invasive procedures. In special care units Before caring for severely immunocompromised clients. |
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After the initial hand-washing, the CDC recommends the use of ___________ :
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alcohol-based antiseptic hand rubs before and after each client contact.
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Can you use an alcohol-based antiseptic as a precaution for C. diff.?
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NO, if C. diff is present, you must hand-wash.
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Agents that inhibit the growth of some microorganisms:
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antiseptics
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Agents that destroy pathogens other than spores:
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disinfectants
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Using a chemical treatment to reduce microbes on an inanimate object:
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disinfecting
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Using a chemical treatment to reduce microbes on skin or tissue:
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antiseptic
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How many tiers of precautions are there?
What are they? |
2;
Tier 1 is Standard or Universal precautions. Tier 2 are Transmission precautions. |
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Tier 2 precautions are used when standard precautions fail to block the chain of infection and infection is spread in one of these 3 ways:
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airborne
droplet contact |
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measures designed to prevent the spread of infection or potentially infectious microorganisms to health personnel, clients, and visitors.
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Isolation
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What are the two types of isolation precautions?
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Category specific and Disease specific isolation precautions
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Type of isolation precautions that use seven categories: strict isolation, contact isolation, respiratory isolation, tuberculosis isolation, enteric precautions, drainage/secretions precautions, and blood/body fluid precautions.
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Category-specific isolation precautions
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Type of isolation precautions that provide for specific diseases:
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Disease-specific isolation precautions.
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Standard precautions apply to:
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blood, all body fluids, secretions, and excretions (except sweat), broken skin, and mucous membranes.
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Airborne precautions are used for clients with known or suspected infections transmitted by:
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airborne droplet nuclei smaller than 5 microns.
eg. measles (rubeola), varicella, and TB. |
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Droplet precautions are used for clients known or suspected to have infections transmitted by:
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droplets larger than 5 microns.
eg. diphtheria, pertussis, mumps, rubella, pneumonia, pneumonic plague. |
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Contact precautions are used for clients known or suspected to have infections easily transmitted by:
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direct contact or contact with fomites.
eg. GI, resp. tract, skin wound, C. diff, herpes, drug resistant carriers. |
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When are gloves worn in SP?
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when touching blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, contaminated items, mucous membranes, non-intact skin & when performing invasive procedures.
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When is a gown worn in SP?
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when soiling of clothes is likely.
when assessing or changing wound dressing. when having direct patient contact with a patient who is in contact precautions. when performing certain invasive procedures, such as central line insertion. |
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When are a mask, eye protection & face shield worn?
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when splashing or spraying of blood, body fluids, secretions or excretions are likely
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What Isolation precautions are taken for Airborne infections?
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Place client in airborne infection isolation room or in room with another patient with same infection.
Wear N95 mask when entering the room. Remove nothing from the room. |
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What Isolation precautions are taken for Droplet precautions?
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Place client in private room or in room with another patient with same infection.
Wear mask if working within 1m of client. Remove nothing from the room. |
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What Isolation precautions are taken for Contact precautions?
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Place client in private room or in room with another patient with same infection.
Wear PPE as needed. Remove nothing from the room. |
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MRSA:
VRE: ESBL: Other? |
methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
vancomycin resistant enterococcus extended spectrum beta-lactamase Other: Acinetobacter spp. |
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MRSA is a.k.a:
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ORSA: oxacillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
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What is the procedure for transporting a pt with MDRO?
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Wear appropriate PPE to move patient
Remove PPE & wash hands before leaving room Transport patient as usual INFORM ACCEPTING DEPARTMENT Wear PPE to move patient Clean bed, remove PPE & wash hands then make bed with new linen If patient is in airborne isolation, patient must wear face mask |
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What are the three reasons gloves are worn?
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1. To protect the nurse from picking up microorganisms from the pt.
2. To protect the pt. 3. To prevent the nurse from spreading germs from one pt to another. |
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What goes into the red biohazard bag?
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Anything dripping or soaked with blood, surgical drains, chest tubes.
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What doesn't go in the red biohazard bag?
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Diapers, sputum or excretions from contact isolation.
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Where do lab specimens go?
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Into a biohazard labeled leakproof container with a lid.
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Where do pharmaceuticals go? Does this include IV's?
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In a "pharmaceutical waste" container. Yes, this includes IVs
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Between pts, you should clean BP cuff, stethoscope, and thermometers, etc. with:
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a sani-cloth.
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Which hand hygiene product is more effective in killing bacteria: anti-microbial soap or alcohol-based rubs?
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alcohol based rubs.
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Define a sterile field:
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A microorganism free area.
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How far up the arm in considered sterile?
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2in. above the elbow.
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Sterile forceps are held:
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tip down, unless sterile gloves are worn.
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What size margin around a sterile field is considered unsterile?
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A 1 in. margin.
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What qualities are essential in maintaining surgical asepsis?
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conscientiousness, alertness, and honesty.
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