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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the 3 main purposes of food ?
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1- Basal body activities
2- To cover expenditure of energy in simple daily activities, e.g. sitting, standing, walking. 3- For work activities |
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What is the energy requirement for a sedentary lifestyle ?
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Basal metabolic rate BMR x 1.4
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What are the essential requirements of a diet ?
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Carbohydrate (CHO)
Protein Fat (lipid) Water Vitamins – A, D, E, K, B complex, C Minerals – μg -> g/day |
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What is the recommended dietary requirements ?
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Fat <35% (saturates <11%)
Protein 15% Starches 40% Sugars 11% Salt < 6g/day Non-starch polysaccs: 18g/day |
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How many AA are essential ?
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8/9
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How much protein is used per a day and how many used for energy daily ?
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A 1 gram and 30 grams
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As Amino acids are not stored, what are they used for ?
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To synthesise enzymes and hormones
To build new tissue To manufacture protein |
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What are the essential amino acids ?
TV TILL PM |
Tryptophan, Valine, Threonine, Isoleucine Leucine, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Methionine, and Histidine (in children
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What is Kwashiorkor & Marasmus ?
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Severe protein deficiency
Protein is deficient is 1 or more essential aa Maize lacks tryptophan, NV =40%. |
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What are the symptoms of Kwashiorkor & Marasmus ?
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listless, mentally depressed,
ceases to grow and actually loses weight eventually become oedematous because the colloid osmotic pressure of plasma falls as albumin formation by liver ceases and plasma albumin is lowered. Often show hair and skin problems |
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Another side effect of protein deficiency ?
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Bone fractures-patients may lose nitrogen from the body due to increased secretion of the adrenocortical hormones.
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Polyunsaturated ?
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2 families of PUFAs, omega-6 from linoleic acid & omega-3 from α-linolenic acid
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Whats the difference between vegetable and animal fat ?
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Vegetable fat- unsaturated and liquid
Animal fat- saturated and solid At room temp |
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Why is fat important in the diet ?
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High energy value
Vehicle for fat soluble vitamins For essential fatty acids- linoleic acid (omega-6), linolenic acid (omega-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid Linoleic also forms prostaglandins |
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Current dietary requirements ?
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that intake of
saturated fats (from animal and dairy products) should be reduced and replaced by mono- and poly- unsaturated fats, which are less likely to cause cardiovascular disease |
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Where do polysaccharides come from ?
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Vegetables, cereals & pulses, in form of plant starch
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Where do monosaccharides and disaccharides come from ?
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milk, fruits, table sugar) and fibre
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What is fibre ?
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components of plants, mainly complex carbohydrates, which are not completely digested by human digestive enzymes, & Includes waxes, lignin and non-starch polysaccharides such as cellulose, beta glucan, guar gum and pectin
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What is insoluble fibre ?
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non-digested plant cell wall material (cellulose, hemicellulose).
Plentiful in seeds and wholemeal etc |
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What does insoluble fibre do differently ?
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Stimulates peristalsis by distension and decreasing transit time of faecal material through the large intestine. Hence, less water is absorbed and the problems of constipation are avoided. Also reduces risk of bowel cancers & diverticulitis
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Where does soluble fibre come from ?
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Soluble fibre comes from fruit, vegetables and pulses (pectin, guar, lignin). Evidence suggests this type of fibre lowers blood cholesterol and may protect against cardiovascular disease. Helps with control of blood glucose.
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What happens if you do not have vitamins ?
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Characteristic biochemical breakdowns or 'lesions' develop, which may or may be accompanied by structural changes.
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How much body weight can be loss without damage ?
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25% without permanent damage
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Why is rapid weight loss dangerous ?
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As it disturbs the electrolyte balance- Na, K and Cl. Important for nerve and muscle function and at worst it disrupts cardiac impulses = heart failure.
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What are the two mechanisms of controlling food intake ?
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Short term- (gastro-intestinal)
Long term- (nutritional) regulation |
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What is gastro-intestinal regulation ?
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The primary immediate effects of eating, it may initiate inhibitory effects to suppress the activity of the feeding centre and reducing the desire for food. This may be down to hormones or the nutritional
value of the food itself |
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What is nutritional regulation ?
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The nutrient stores of the body falls, the feeding center of the hypothalamus becomes highly active and the person exhibits increased hunger.
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What nutritional factors may control the degree of activity of the feeding center ?
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Availability of glucose to the cells
Blood glucose low = eat more Adipose tissue Adipose produces leptin, leptin suppresses appetite Thermal intake Food intake = higher temperature= higher metabolic activity= satiety |
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What are lips and cheeks made out of ?
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skeletal muscle embedded in elastic fibro connective tissue and are lined with stratified squamous epithelium. Keratinised on gums, tongue and hard palate
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What is the tongue made out of ?
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Body and root is skeletal muscle, intrinistic- change shape, extrinisic- movement. Interwoven with glands and covered with mucous
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