Myers 11Th Edition Chapter 3: Consciousness And The Two Track Mind

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consciousness

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our awareness ofourselves and our environment.

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cognitive neuroscience

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the interdisciplinarystudy of the brain activity linkedwith cognition (including perception,thinking, memory, and language).

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dual processing

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the principle thatinformation is often simultaneouslyprocessed on separate conscious andunconscious tracks.

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blindsight

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A condition in which aperson can respond to a visual stimuluswithout consciously experiencing it.

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parallel processing

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the processingof many aspects of a problem simultaneously;the brain’s natural modeof information processing for manyfunctions.

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selective attention

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the focusing ofconscious awareness on a particularstimulus.

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inattentional blindness

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failing tosee visible objects when our attention isdirected elsewhere.

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sleep

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periodic, natural loss ofconsciousness—as distinct from unconsciousnessresulting from a coma,general anesthesia, or hibernation.(Adapted from Dement, 1999.)

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circadian rhythm

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the biological clock; regularbodily rhythms (for example, of temperatureand wakefulness) that occur on a24-hour cycle.

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REM sleep

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rapid eye movement sleep; arecurring sleep stage during which vividdreams commonly occur. Also known asparadoxical sleep, because the musclesare relaxed (except for minor twitches)but other body systems are active.

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alpha waves

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the relatively slow brainwaves of a relaxed, awake state.

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hallucinations

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false sensory experiences,such as seeing something in theabsence of an external visual stimulus.

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delta waves

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the large, slow brainwaves associated with deep sleep.

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suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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apair of cell clusters in the hypothalamusthat controls circadian rhythm. In responseto light, the SCN causes the pinealgland to adjust melatonin production, thusmodifying our feelings of sleepiness.

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insomnia

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recurring problems in fallingor staying asleep.

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narcolepsy

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a sleep disorder characterizedby uncontrollable sleep attacks. Thesufferer may lapse directly into REMsleep, often at inopportune times.

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sleep apnea

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a sleep disorder characterizedby temporary cessations ofbreathing during sleep and repeatedmomentary awakenings.

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night terrors

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a sleep disorder characterizedby high arousal and an appearanceof being terrified; unlike nightmares, nightterrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, withintwo or three hours of falling asleep, andare seldom remembered.

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dream

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a sequence of images, emotions,and thoughts passing through a sleepingperson’s mind. Dreams are notablefor their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuitiesand incongruities, and for thedreamer’s delusional acceptance ofthe content and later difficulties rememberingit.

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manifest content

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according to Freud,the remembered story line of a dream(as distinct from its latent, or hidden,content).

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latent content

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according to Freud,the underlying meaning of a dream (asdistinct from its manifest content).

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REM rebound

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the tendency for REMsleep to increase following REM sleepdeprivation (created by repeated awakeningsduring REM sleep).

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substance use disorder

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continuedsubstance craving and use despitesignificant life disruption and/or physicalrisk.

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psychoactive drug

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a chemical substancethat alters perceptions and moods.

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tolerance

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the diminishing effect withregular use of the same dose of a drug,requiring the user to take larger andlarger doses before experiencing thedrug’s effect.

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addiction

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compulsive craving of drugsor certain behaviors (such as gambling)despite known adverse consequences.

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withdrawal

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the discomfort and distressthat follow discontinuing an addictivedrug or behavior.

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depressants

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drugs (such as alcohol,barbiturates, and opiates) that reduceneural activity and slow body functions.

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alcohol use disorder

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(popularlyknown as alcoholism) alcohol use markedby tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive tocontinue problematic use.

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barbiturates

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drugs that depress centralnervous system activity, reducing anxietybut impairing memory and judgment.

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opiates

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opium and its derivatives, suchas morphine and heroin; depress neuralactivity, temporarily lessening pain andanxiety.

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stimulants

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drugs (such as caffeine,nicotine, and the more powerfulamphetamines, cocaine, Ecstasy, andmethamphetamine) that excite neuralactivity and speed up body functions.

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amphetamines

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drugs that stimulateneural activity, causing speeded-upbodyfunctions and associated energy andmood changes.

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nicotine

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a stimulating and highly addictivepsychoactive drug in tobacco.

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cocaine

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a powerful and addictivestimulant derived from the coca plant;produces temporarily increased alertnessand euphoria.

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methamphetamine

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a powerfullyaddictive drug that stimulates the centralnervous system, with speeded-up bodyfunctions and associated energy andmood changes; over time, appears toreduce baseline dopamine levels.

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Ecstasy (MDMA)

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a synthetic stimulantand mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoriaand social intimacy, but with short-termhealth risks and longer-termharm toserotonin-producingneurons and tomood and cognition.

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hallucinogens

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psychedelic (“mindmanifesting”)drugs, such as LSD, thatdistort perceptions and evoke sensoryimages in the absence of sensory input.

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near-death experience

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an alteredstate of consciousness reported after aclose brush with death (such as throughcardiac arrest); often similar to drug inducedhallucinations.

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LSD

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a powerful hallucinogenic drug;also known as acid (lysergic aciddiethylamide).

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THC

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the major active ingredient inmarijuana; triggers a variety of effects,including mild hallucinations.