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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What domain does fungi belong in? what else is in this domain?
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Domain eucarya.
protozoa, algae, fungi, plants and animals (all but bacteria really) |
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What are the locations we can find fungi?
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soil - roots of plants
foliage and thorns GIT in animals and insects water, air |
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How many species of fungi exist?
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1.5 milliion
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How many species of fungi have been described?
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70 000
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What are the benefits of fungi?
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1. Food - source of & aids in production
2. Antibiotics 3. Production of vitamin C, citric and oxalic acids 4. Assist in the waste removal 5. Biological control agent + forensic fungi |
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What foods have fungi involved in their production?
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bread, cheese, wine, soy sauce
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What are the harmful effects of fungi?
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Wood
Food Fire - hay and peat Liver damage - aflatoxin, mycotoxins infection of humans and animals |
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What is potato blight and what is it caused by?
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Phytophtora infestans - destroys potato crops
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How many species are human pathogens?
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200
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Break down the types of human infections
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D 8-10
Y 15 M 30 |
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what are the leading stains of fungi resulting in death?
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- cyptococcal meningitis
- invasive aspillergosis - chronic pulmonary aspillergosis - pneumocystis pneumonia - candida bloodstream infection - SAFS (asthma related condition) |
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What is the nutritional type of fungi?
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chemoheterotophs
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What differentiates yeasts and other fungi
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yeasts are unicellular all others are mutlicellular
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What is the cellular arrangement of fungi?
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unicellular, filamentous and fleshy
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What is the food aquisition method of fungi?
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absorptive
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What are characteristics of fungi?
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sexual and asexual spores
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Is there embryo formation in fungi?
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no
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How is fungi taxonomically organised
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based on spore production - Whether sexual or asexual
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What are the types / divisions within sexual production of spores in fungi?
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- Zygomycotina
- Ascomycotina - Basidiomycotina |
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What are Zygmycotina
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Zygomycetes: which produce through production of zygospores
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Define Ascomycotina
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Ascomycetes: which produce endogenous spores called ascospores in cells called asci
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Define Basidiomycotina
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Basidiomycetes: which produce exogenous spores called basidiospores in cells called basidia.
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Define deuteromycotina
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Deuteromycetes (Fungi imperfecti): fungi that are not known to produce any sexual spores (ascospores or
basidiospores). This is a heterogeneous group of fungi where no sexual reproduction has yet been demonstrated. |
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Which names do clinical mycologists use?
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anamorph names
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Which nomenclature do molecular mycologists use?
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teleomorph nomenclature
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Describe the structure of yeast
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What is a blastoconidia
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a thick walled asexual unit of reproduction produced by total cleavage, which is non motile, and produced singly or in chains.
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How does yeast reproduce?
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through budding - blastoconidia
- thick walled asexual unit of production produced through full cleavage, resulting in non motile spores in singles and chains |
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What type of colony is yeast?
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mucoid colony
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What are characteristics that help differentiate types of yeasts
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presence of hyphae/pseudohyphae
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What type of fungi is unicellular?
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yeast
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Define hyphae
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long strands of cells which may entertwine to form a new mat, called mycelium or thallus.
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How do moulds reproduce?
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reproduce through spores or conidia
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What characteristic is used to identify moulds?
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sporulation: the formation of spores; especially : division into many small spores
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define dimorphic fungi
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Fungi which can exist as mould, hyphae, filamentous and yeast.
Room temperature - mould/hyphae body - yeast |
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At room temperature a dimorphic fungus grows as a -------?
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mould/hyphae
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At body temperate dimorphic fungus grows as a
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yeast
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Define 'thallus'
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a vegetative or somatic portion of a fungus, consisting of hyphae
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Define mycelium
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A mass of hyphae forming the vegetative portion of the thallus
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Differentiate mycellium and thallus
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The mycelium makes up the thallus, or undifferentiated body, of a typical fungus. It may be microscopic in size or developed into visible structures,
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Define hyphae
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multicellular growth pattern where cells elongate and are the main mode of vegetative growth
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List different types of vegetative growth
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1. Septate hypha
2. Coenocytic hypha |
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Define Septate hyphae
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are multi-cellular fungi which reproduce asexually and/or sexually. These filamentous structures cross walls.
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Define cenocytic hypha
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no septa/ divisions. Also known as aseptate hyphae
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Which plylum possesses non septate hyphae?
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ZYGOMYCETES
*Thin walled Broad hyphae Sparse septa |
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What is a characteristic of the hyphae (non-septate) - growth characteristic
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Grows, spores rapidly
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no septa (divisions) = aseptate hyphae is also called _____________?
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Coenocytic hyphae= no septa (divisions) = aseptate hyphae
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What does septate hyphae do to strengthen the organism
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1. Contents move between compartments
2. any damage is plugged by Woronin bodies 3. woronin body plugs prevents death to the whole strand |
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What groups of fungi have septate hyphae?
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- Basidiomycetes
- Hyphomycetes |
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Define anamorph
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asexual, mitotic status of a fungus
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Define conidia
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Conidia are asexually produced spores that are borne externally to the cells that produce them
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**
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Hyphomycetes ( maybe Ascomycetes)
Hyalohyphomycetes Phaeohyphomycetes (Dematiaceous) Dermatophytes (Fungi imperfecti) Dimorphic fungi |
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**
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- Culture
- texture, topography & pigment - surface & reverse - growth 37°C - Identifies fungus |
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Define Blastoconidia
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asexually produced spores that are borne externally via budding
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Define Poroconidia
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asexually produced spores that are borne externally via extrusion through a minute pore on the mother cell
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Define Phialoconidia
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asexually produced spores that are borne externally from a mother cell called a 'phialide', which is urn or vase shaped.
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What is an example of Blastoconidia?
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Candida albicans
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Give an example of Poroconidia fungi
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Dreschslera
Alternaria |
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List asexual conidia
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Give an example of Phialoconidia
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ASPERGILLUS
PENICILIUM |
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Give examples of Blastoconidia
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Cladophialophora
Candida |
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Give examples of poro-conidia
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drechslera
anternaria |
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Define Arthro- conidia
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fragmentation of hyphae at the septation points
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Give an example of arthroconidia
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Geotrichum
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Define and give an example of Annelo-conidia
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grow from inside a vase shape anne-lide
Scopulariopsis |
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Define Aleuroconidia
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Asexual conidia produced from conversion of hyphal element to a multi celled conidium. Produces both macro and micro conidia.
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Define Clamydoconidia
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Give an example of a species of fungi which possesses Chlamydoconidia
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Give an example of a species of fungi which possesses sporangiospores
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Describe sexual repdouction
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**
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define teleomorph
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the sexual state or meitotic state of a fungi
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Define heterothallic
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Define homothallic
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What are the phases of sexual reproduction of fungi
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What groups of fungi are sexually produced
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Zygomycetes
Ascomycetes Basidomycetes |
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Define plasmogamy
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Define karyogamy
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Define Meiosis
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When do sexual spores occur>
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following meiosis
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Where are the following formed?
- Ascospore - Basidiospore - Zygospore |
Ascus
Basidium Zygosporangium |
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How are sexual spores identified
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ID on asexual non motile spores of fungi (conidia)
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How are zygospores formed?
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How are Ascospores formed?
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How are basidospores formed>
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List medically important phyla of fungi
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- Zygomycota
- Ascomycota - Anamorphs - Basidiomycota |
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What is another term for Anamorphs? Describe group
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Hyphomycetes are a form-class of Fungi, part of what has often been referred to as Fungi imperfecti, Deuteromycota, or anamorphic fungi. Hyphomycetes lack closed fruiting bodies, and are often referred to as moulds (or molds)
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What are the main moulds encountered in the laboratory>?
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What are the majority of anamorphs
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most are asexual states of ascomycetes.
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How are anamorphs identified?
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type of conidia formation
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What are the two types of anamorphs?
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1. Dematiaceous
2. Hyaline |
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Describe Dematiaceous anamorph type
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Describe hyaline anamorphs/ hyphomycetes
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non pigmented with two subgroups --> dimorphic pathogens and dermatophytes
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What are the groups of medically important fungi?
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(9)
1-yeast 2- ascomycete 3- basidomycete 4- zygomycete 5- dermatiaceous hyphomycete 6- dimorphic hyphomycete 7- hyaline hyphomycete 8- dermatophyte 9. hyphomycete |
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Describe Zygomycota and give examples
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What are two pathogen examples of Zygomycota?
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- Rhizopus
- Mucor |
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Describe the life cycle of a zygomycete
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Describe the Asexual reproduction of a Zygomycete
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1. aerial hyphae
2. formation of zygosporagium 3, zygosporagium bursts and releases spores. 4. spore germinates to produce hyphae 5. vegetative production of mycelium continues |
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Describe the Sexual reproduction of a zygomycete
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Why are ascomycota called sac fungi?
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commonly known as the sac fungi. The defining feature of this fungal group is the "ascus", meaning "sac", a structure in which nonmotile ascospores, are formed.
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How does members of Ascomycota reproduce?
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sexual (teleomorph) spores and anamorph condidia
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Describe the sexual reproduction of an ascomycete
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Describe the asexual reproduction of an ascomycete
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Give three examples of AScomycota pathogens
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- Aspergillus
- Blastomyces dermatitidis - Histoplasma capsulatum - Microsporum - Trichophytum |
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Give an example of an ascomycota which is a systemic fungus
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Aspergillus
Blastomyces dermatitidis Histoplasma capsulatum |
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What is the only opportunitist systemic mycosis in the Ascomycota group?
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Aspergillus
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List the two cutaneous mycoses in Ascomycota group
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Microsporum
Trichophyton |
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What type of hyphae does Ascomycota possess?
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septate
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Describe Ascomycota and give examples of pathogens (5)
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List importance of phylum Ascomycota
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What is the importance of Ascomycota in industry>
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What is the importance of Ascomycota in food production
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What is the importance of Ascomycota in plant pathology?
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What is the importance of Ascomycota in animal disease?
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Which groups do Hyphomycetes mainly originate?
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Asxcomycota and Basidiomycota
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Give examples of hyphomycetes
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PSSCPC
Pneumocystis (s.) Sporothris (s/c) Stachybotrys (s.) Candida albacans (c.) Penicillium Coccidioides (s.) |
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List systemic hyphomycetes
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Stachybotrys, Coccidioides, Pneumocystis
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List cutaneous hyphomycetes
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Candida albicans (cutaneous mycoses)
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List subcutanous Anamorphic mycosis
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Sporothrix (subcutaneous mycosis)
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Give most important uses of Anamorphs
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Give most important anamorphs in plant diseases
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Give most important pathogenic anamorphs
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Medical importance of anamorphs
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Describe Basidiomycota
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Give an example of a pathogen in Basidiomycota
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Cryptococcus neoformans (s.)
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describe the sexual life cycle of a basidiomycete
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Describe the asexual life cycle of a basidiomycete
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List important uses of Basidiomycota
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List plant diseases of Basidiomycota
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List animal diseases of Phylum basidiomycota
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List four most economically profitable fungi
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Define systemic mycoses
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Define Subcutaneous mycoses
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define cutaneous mycoses
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define superficial mycoses
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define opportunistic mycoses
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What are other diseases caused by fungi?
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What are the toxins within fungi called?
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Which mushroom causes death?
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Amanita phalloides
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What does aflatoxin cause?
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liver cancer and death aflatosis
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What is the brand of muchsroom that causes death? recreational
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Amanita phalloides, A. Muscaria
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What is the fungi responsible for athlete's foot?
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Trichophyton rubrum
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what causes onychomycosis?
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Trichophyton rubrum
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Give an example of cutaneous mycosis
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Trichophyton rubrum
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Give an example of subcutaneous mycosis
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Sporotrichosis by sporothrix schenchi
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where does sporothrix schenchi grow?
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wood and plants
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How does sporotrichosis spread?
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lymphatics
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Give an example of a type of systemic mycosis
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cocci-dio-do-mycosis
- caused by Coccidiodes immitus |
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Where is Coccidiodes immitus found?
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soil
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What does Coccidiodes immitus cause
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- Coccidioidomycosis
systemic disease involving: - meninges, bones, joints, s/c and cutaneous tissues |
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What is an opportunistic fungal infection?
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- Candida albacans
- mushrooms - Rhizopus |
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Where do we fund Rhizopus
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bread mould
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What can Candida albicans cause?
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Thrush
Chronic mucocutaneous Vaginal candidiasis Systemic candidaisis |
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Which type of mushroom can cause opportunistic infection?
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Basidiomycota (mushrooms)
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What is peach mould fungus?
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Rhizopus
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How can fungal infections be transmitted?
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What are the factors which contribute to fungal infections?
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What is difficult about diagnosis and treament of fungi
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Dx:
- growth in lab is slow - immunecompromised - symptoms not definitive - correct collection reqd - correct processing reqd Tx: - no AB treatment |
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what are the collection requirments for cutaneous infections?
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From actively growing outer edge of lesion
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What is the collection protocol for scalp infection?
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15-20 hair roots
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What is the collection protocol for nails
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• Infection - close to nail bed
• Remove as much diseased tissue as possible • Scrape inside of nail |
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What is the collection protocol for feet
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Discard outer horny layer, scrape lower layer
Between 4th and 5th toes |
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What are the harmful affects of fungi when not infected
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List sexual spores (3) and asexual spores (4)
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What are the two types of media used for fungi?
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What is in SDA?
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What does SDA stand for>
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What is mycobiotic agar
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What agents are in mycobiotic agar?
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When are agar plates always used>
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systemic infections
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What is the temperature for incubation?
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25-26 (room temp)
or 30 degrees for superficial/subcutaneous infections |
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What is used in microscopic examination of fungi
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Lactophenol cotton blue
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of slide cultures,
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