Mycology

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arthrospores?

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hyphal segements formed by fragmentation of hyphae

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conidispores?
size variation?

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formed at tips of hyphae -
if small: microconidia
if large: macroconidia

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sporangia

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spherical, sac-like structures containing sporangiospores

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anamorphs

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fungi asexual spores that can be simple, single-cell bodies or can be multicellular

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telomorphs

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sexual reproduction structure

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holomorph

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the whole fungus

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homothallic

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sexual repro occurs when a single colony reproduces

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heterothallic

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sexual repro of two different (+ and -) colonies

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saphrophyte

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fungi grow on living or dead organisms

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mannan

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glycoprotein component of fungal cell walls - supresses lymphoblast formation and lymphocyte prolif. also inhibits keratinocyte prolif allowing for persistent infection and slower epidermal turnover.

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KOH

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quick, inexpensive, causes most tissues to be dissolved away - leave fungal elements to be seen w/ light microscope.

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periodic acid-schiff reaction (PAS)

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stains polysaccharides. aldehyde groups bind to basic fuchsin and stain fungal elements red.

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giemsa stain

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intracellular structures stained blue with halo around them.

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nigrosin stain

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shows capsules around cell walls.

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flucytosine

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interferes with pyrimidine metabolism

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griseofulvin

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disruption of mitotic spindles

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pentamidine isethionate

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interferes with nuclear metabolism by inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synth

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amphotericin B and nystatin

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bind to ergosterol and increase membrane permeability

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fluconazole
itraconazole
ketoconazole
miconazole
thiabendazole

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inhibit ergosterol synthesis

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terbinafines

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kill fungi by causing toxic accumulation of squalenes which deplete ergosterol

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aflatoxicosis

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toxin: aflatoxin B
made by: aspergillus flavus
effects: vomiting, abd pain, pulm edema, fatty infiltration, liver necrosis

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erythrematous skin

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made by: cladosporium cladosporoides
effects: erythema of skin

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ergotism

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ergo alkaloids produce muscle inflammation and pain - prickly sensation in limbs.

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aflatoxicosis

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aspergillus flavus
grows on peanuts, maize, or wheat - makes aflatoxin B

Sx= vomit/abd pain/pulm edema/fatty infiltration and necrosis of liver

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erythematous skin

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cladosporium cladosporoides
grows on fescue grass
causes erythema of skins

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ergotism

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claviceps purpurea
grows on rye
makes ergot alkaloids
sx: swollen, imflamm musc - grangrenous or convulsive ergotism

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alimetary toxic aleukia

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org: fusarium nygamai
grows on prosomillet and wheat
makes fusonium
sx: hematopoetic sys malfunc, bone marrow atrophy, agranulocytosis, sepsis, d/v/f, leukpenia

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red mold and black spot dz

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org: fuasium chlamydosporum
grows on wheat or barley
sx: h/v/d, anorexia

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cardiac beriberi

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org: penicillium citreoviridaeis
grows on rice
makes citrinin
sx: vomiting, convulsions, ascending paralysis and resp arrest

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fungal mycotoxicosis

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ingestion of fungal mycotoxins by fungi on food

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mycophagy

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consumption of fleshy fungi resulting in diff types of mycetismus (fungal induced systemic poisoning)

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mycetismus cerebralis

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orgs: paneolus, psilocybe, stropharia

sx: 30-60min after ingestion. hallucinogenic

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mycetismus choleriformis

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orgs: amanita, galerina

sx: n/v/d w/i 6-24hrs. leads to dehydration, musc cramps, coma, salivation, and death

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mycetismus gastrointestinalis

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orgs: boletus, entoloma, lactarius, lepiota, and russula

sx: n/v/d 1-6hrs after ingestion. last 36-72hrs

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mycetismus nervosa

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orgs: amanita, inocybe

sx: 1-2hrs after ingestion. d/v sweating, convulsions, delirium, hallucination, coma, card/resp fail

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mycetismus sanguinarius

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orgs: helvella (resemble morchella)

sx: hemoglobinuria, hemolysis, jaundice -6-8hrs after ingestion

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air-conditioning lung

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inhalation of air conditioner water aerosols. contain aspergillus clavatus - causes cough and pneumonia

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asthma

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orgs: alternaria, aspergillus, curvularia, penicillium.

IgE response causes sx

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basidiomycosis

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org: coprinus and schizophyllum

sx: inhalation of spores = lung lesions, meningitis, endocarditis

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cheese-washers dz

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org: penicillium casei

allergic rxn to cheese casings - skin rash and resp problems

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farmers lung

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org: aspergillus, penicillium

sx: inhalation of hay. fibrotic deposits and lung infiltrations and granulomas.

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lycoperdonosis

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org: lycoperdon, calvatia

sx: inhalation of spores. cough and pneumonitis

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malt-workers dz

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org: aspergillus on moldy barley

sx: cough and pneumonia

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maple bark strippers dz

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org: cryptostroma corticale

grows on the bark of maple trees

sx:cough and congestion

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mushroom growers lung

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org: pleurotus ostreatus

sx: cough and labored breathing

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stachybotryotoxicosis

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org: stachybotrys atra (inhale hay)

sx: conjunctivitis, rhinitis, fever, chest pain, and leukopenia